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By 2030, one in five cars in Japan will be self-driving

04.03.2017

The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan has set a plan to popularize self-driving cars in the country. By 2030, 20% of cars in the country should be unmanned.

Already this year, the Japanese government approved the use of self-driving cars in areas with relatively low population density. In 2020, unmanned taxis will operate at the Tokyo Olympics. In 2025, self-driving cars will be allowed to drive on the highways, in 2027 - on the roads of small towns, in 2030 - on all roads of the country.

Japan's largest automaker Toyota Motor plans to begin commercial use of self-driving cars of its own design in the coming year.

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Discovered a unique mineral from the Earth's mantle 16.11.2021

For the first time in history, researchers from the United States have discovered the mineral davemaoite inside a diamond that was formed in the Earth's mantle.

Named after renowned geophysicist Ho Kwang (Dave) Mao, this mineral is the first example of high-pressure calcium silicate (CaSiO3) perovskite found on Earth.

Another form of CaSiO3, known as wollastonite, is commonly found throughout the world, but davemaoite has a crystalline structure that only forms under high pressure and high temperatures in the Earth's mantle, in the Earth's mostly solid layer, between the outer core and the crust.

Geologists assumed that davemaoite would be a common and geochemically important mineral in the Earth's mantle. But scientists have never found direct evidence of its existence because it breaks down into other minerals as it moves towards the surface and the pressure drops.

However, analysis of a diamond from Botswana, which was formed in the mantle at a depth of about 660 km from the Earth's surface, revealed a sample of a whole davemaoite. As a result, the International Mineralogical Association confirmed davemaoite as a new mineral.

Chauner and colleagues discovered the davemaoite sample using a technique known as synchrotron X-ray diffraction, which focuses a high-energy beam of X-rays at specific points in a diamond with microscopic precision. By measuring the angle and intensity of the returning light, researchers can decipher what's inside, Chauner says.

The davemaoite sample in diamond was only a few micrometers (millionths of a meter) in size, so less powerful sampling methods might have missed it.

Davemaoite is believed to play an important geochemical role in the Earth's mantle. Scientists suggest that the mineral may also contain other trace elements, including uranium and thorium, which release heat as a result of radioactive decay. Therefore, davemaite can contribute to the release of a significant amount of heat in the mantle.

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