Micro and small hydroelectric power plants. Equipment for micro and small hydroelectric power plants. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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"MNTO INSET" specializes in the development, serial production and complete delivery of hydraulic units for small HPPs up to 5000 kW and micro HPPs with a capacity of 3 to 100 kW (Fig. 1.2).

Microhydro power plants and hydroelectric units for small HPPs produced by MNTO INSET have high energy characteristics and are designed for operation in a wide range of pressures and flow rates. These are autonomous, environmentally friendly, fast-payback sources of electricity for the population of remote and hard-to-reach areas, as well as small industries.

Fig.1.2. Hydro units for small hydropower plants

The equipment is mass-produced, distinguished by reliability, high technical and operational performance and affordable prices. The main technical solutions used in the creation of the equipment are made at the level of inventions and are protected by patents.

There is a successful experience in operating equipment using existing dams, canals, water supply and sanitation systems for industrial enterprises and municipal facilities, treatment facilities, irrigation systems and drinking conduits.

Hydro turbines for small hydropower plants

OJSC "Tyazhmash" designs, manufactures and supplies hydraulic turbines for small hydropower plants. At present, OAO "Tyazhmash" has developed a number of unified radial-axial hydraulic units for small hydroelectric power plants in vertical and horizontal versions (Fig. 1.3) and vertical propeller turbines. Unified hydroelectric units can be used both in the construction of new HPPs, and in the modernization of existing ones or the restoration of mothballed ones. The features of the developed hydraulic units are:

• complex delivery, as a rule, including a hydro turbine, a generator, an automatic control system and a pre-turbine gate;
• environmental cleanliness of the supplied equipment, which excludes the ingress of oil into water bodies;
• delivery in monoblock and large-block design, which allows to drastically reduce installation costs and commissioning time;
• the use of modern solutions and materials in the design of turbines, which significantly improve the operation of turbines at HPPs.

Hydraulic equipment for small hydroelectric power plants, developed and supplied by OJSC "Tyazhmash", was created taking into account the specific conditions of its operation. The entire hydraulic unit operates in automatic mode, with minimal supervision and periodic maintenance. The design of the equipment eliminates the possibility of contamination of water bodies with oil waste from the hydraulic unit systems.

In order to simplify and reduce the cost of equipment installation, it is supplied in enlarged blocks, and for small sizes - in a single unit, which significantly saves money on the installation process and reduces the time for putting the equipment into operation. Hydro turbines are equipped with instrumentation and an automatic control system for the unit, which makes it possible to operate the equipment in automatic mode without the presence of maintenance personnel at the HPP.

Fig.1.3. Hydro turbines

Vertical propeller turbine (Polukaplan)

The vertical propeller hydroturbine (half-kaplan) serves as a drive for a three-phase current generator.

The water flow to the impeller from the rectangular water inlet passes through the guide vanes. Guide vanes are designed to control the flow of water through the turbine when the load on the hydrogenerator changes. The guide vanes are also the shut-off element of the turbine.

The turbine impeller has four blades, the blades are reinstalled according to the pressure when the hydraulic unit is stopped.

Water is removed from the turbine by a suction pipe (vertically located cone). The suction pipe is designed for a more complete use of the energy of the water flow by the turbine.

The rotation of the guide vanes is carried out by a servomotor through a floating control ring. The guide vane servomotors are controlled by the hydraulic unit automatic control system.

A water-lubricated guide bearing fixes the position of the turbine shaft and perceives radial loads arising from mechanical, hydraulic and electrical imbalance of the rotor.

Vertical radial-axial hydraulic turbine (Francis)

A vertical radial-axial hydraulic turbine (Francis) serves as a drive for a three-phase current generator.

The water flow through the spiral chamber and the guide vane is fed to the vane system of the impeller and creates a torque on the turbine rotor and the generator rotor rigidly connected to it.

Water is removed from the impeller through a straight-axis conical suction pipe.

Maintaining a stable frequency of rotation of the turbine shaft is carried out by changing the flow rate of water passing through the impeller by turning the guide vanes installed in the turbine flow path in front of the impeller.

The guide vane blades are controlled by a hydromechanical servomotor, which includes two servomotors, a control ring and parts of the blade rotation mechanism. The guide vane servomotors are controlled by the hydraulic unit automatic control system.

To exclude radial displacements of the rotor during operation, the turbine is equipped with a water-lubricated guide bearing.

To prevent the formation of vacuum behind the guide vanes when they are abruptly closed, vacuum break valves are built into the turbine cover.

Horizontal radial-axial hydraulic turbine (Francis)

A horizontal radial-axial hydraulic turbine (Francis) serves as a drive for a three-phase current generator.

The water flow through the spiral chamber and the guide vane is fed to the blades of the impeller and creates a torque on the turbine shaft. The turbine shaft is connected to the generator shaft. The generator converts the mechanical energy of rotation into electrical energy.

Maintaining a stable speed of the turbine shaft is carried out by changing the flow rate of water passing through the impeller by turning the guide vanes. The rotation of the guide vanes installed in front of the impeller is carried out by the automatic control system of the hydraulic unit by means of a hydromechanical drive-servomotor. Servo motor

turns the adjusting ring connected to the levers for turning the guide vanes with the help of earrings. Sensors are installed on the servomotor rod and on the guide vanes to control the position of the guide vanes.

Water is removed from the impeller through the cone of the suction pipe.

The turbine shaft rotates in plain bearings equipped with a circulating liquid lubrication system. To ensure smooth regulation of the set speed when the load changes, a flywheel is installed on the turbine shaft. On fig. 1.4. the appearance of various impellers is shown, and in Figures 1.5 and 1.6 the calculated diameters of the turbines.

Fig.1.4. Impellers of jet turbines: a - radial-axial; b - propeller, c - rotary-blade; g - diagonal

Fig.1.5. Estimated diameters of turbines: a - axial and diagonal; b and c - radial-axial; g - bucket

Fig.1.6. Guide vane: a - radial guide vane for vertical jet turbines; b - conical guide vane of a horizontal capsule turbine; c - diagram of the operation of the guide vane blades ( ao - flow area between the shovels; Do - diameter of the location of the axes of the blades)

Cross jet or double jet turbines

appointment

Cross-jet (Fig. 1.7) or double hydro turbines manufactured by Energo-Alliance LLC can be widely used in any area of ​​the national economy, from farms of drinking water conduits to the disposal of technological discharges of water from industrial enterprises, state district power plants, and sewage.

Fig.1.7. External view of the cross-jet turbine

Installations with cross-jet turbines can be used when using high-altitude differences in water levels (pressure derivation) and the speed of coastal watercourses, the energy of sea waves and the speed of water currents in the coastal waters of the seas and oceans, as well as the wave energy of the surf.

The operation of these power plants does not require expensive fuel, lubricants, expensive power lines, even dams are not needed in all cases. Electricity generation is environmentally friendly. The quality of electricity allows it to be sold to the grid. It is possible to dismantle the hydraulic turbine and install it in a new location.

Using

Turbines can be used with heads from 1,5 to 200 meters. The power of hydraulic turbines can be varied both by changing the diameter of the impeller and by changing its length. The high efficiency of these turbines, in contrast to classical ones, remains practically in the range of 25 - 100% of power, which is very important when the units are operated at partial loads.

The turbines are equipped with a device for regulating the flow of water through the turbine during operation, equipped with a manual or electromechanical drive. The turbines are also equipped with a load-driven anti-acceleration device. This type of turbine is the most rational for micro and small HPP units, especially at low heads.

Under the same conditions (head, power), hydraulic units with cross-jet turbines are smaller, as well as significantly lower costs and expenses for the construction of hydraulic structures, compared with classical turbines.

Completeness of hydraulic installation equipment:

• turbine cross-jet horizontal;
• generator - synchronous machine or asynchronous electric motor;
• gearbox or flat belt transmission;
• couplings;
• support frame (if necessary);
• automatic control system that ensures the operation of the unit, both to the power system and to an isolated consumer;
• connecting cables (inside the room where the installation equipment is located);
• standard set of spare parts; - operational documentation.

The cost of 1 kW of installed capacity is from 200 to 1300 US dollars, in the power range of the hydroelectric unit 500 - 5 kW.

Submersible hydraulic unit with a cross-jet type turbine (model kit), the appearance of which is shown in fig. 1.8 is used to generate electricity, uses the high-speed energy of the flow of coastal watercourses, as well as the high-speed energy of coastal currents in the waters of the seas and oceans. Flow rate: from 2 m/s; power: up to 15 kW; Electric current parameters: Direct -12, 24 V, variable - 220, 380 V, 50 Hz. Model tests have been carried out. Production is scheduled to start in 2004.

Fig.1.8. Submersible hydraulic unit

A cross-jet type turbine hydraulic unit (Fig. 1.9) uses static fluid pressures created by dams or a piping system to generate electricity. Heads: from 1,5 to 50 meters; Expenses: up to 7 cu. m/sec; Power: up to 500 kW; Electric current parameters: 220, 380 V, frequency 50 Hz.

Fig.1.9. Hydraulic unit with a cross-jet turbine

Author: Magomedov A.M.

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