General characteristics and varieties of micro hydroelectric power plants. Scheme, description

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Micro and small hydroelectric power plants. General characteristics and varieties of micro hydroelectric power plants. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Currently, in Russia and in many other countries, hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of less than 100 kW are classified as micro hydroelectric power plants, while the power of one hydroelectric unit, as a rule, is up to 50 kW. The border of 100 kW between small and micro HPPs is defined conditionally. In the future, as design and engineering developments accumulate, it will be adjusted.

The hydropower potential used by micro HPPs in the Russian Federation has not been specifically determined. As the analysis of the technical possibilities of the energy use of the flow of many small rivers (flat rivers with a capacity of up to 1,7, and mountain rivers up to 2 thousand kW), carried out in the Hydroproject, showed, it is this part of the hydropower potential that can technically be developed by micro HPPs.

Micro HPP is one of the earliest types of HPP in the history of hydropower development. They were the prototype of large hydroelectric power plants and often served as models of large hydroturbines. With the intensive development of hydropower, its main technical solutions began to be transferred to small hydropower. The nomenclature of microhydroturbines created in the 40s included all the main types used in hydropower, propeller, radial-axial, bucket.

In the USSR, the construction of microhydroelectric power stations in the 50s was carried out on a large scale. Most of the built 6000 small HPPs belong to the "micro" category. They provided the utility and production needs for electricity of rural settlements, small industrial facilities and others.

In the future, the construction of micro hydroelectric power plants is possible to supply energy to consumers isolated from the energy system (or requiring redundancy), the number of which is still large in the country. For example, a micro hydropower plant with a capacity of 100 kW can provide electricity to a rural settlement with a population of 200 people. or a livestock complex for 300 heads of cattle. Micro HPPs can be not only a source of electricity, but also a direct drive for various machines. Micro HPPs can be most widely used to provide electricity to stationary rural consumers and distant pasture facilities, mining and exploration facilities, hydrometeorological service stations and posts, tourist and other recreational complexes, logging and hunting farms, enterprises for the production and processing of fish, military facilities and many others. .

At present, diesel and gasoline-powered units manufactured by the domestic industry are mainly used to supply small dispersed consumers. Along with important advantages in terms of transportability, automatic control, ease of starting and stopping, these units have significant drawbacks - the use of scarce diesel and especially gasoline fuel and oil, environmental pollution with exhaust gases and fuel, the need to create fuel reserves and high fire hazard, the complexity of delivery fuel over long distances, the need for constant maintenance, high noise levels.

Replacing or supplementing diesel and petrol-electric units where possible, a micro hydropower plant can significantly improve the energy supply and increase the efficiency of many small consumers.

The construction of micro HPPs is possible when they are placed as part of various hydrotechnical facilities for the associated generation of electricity (on spillways, in water supply systems, on canals).

For the use of micro HPPs, objects with a significant predominance of energy consumption in summer over winter are especially promising, since many small rivers have practically no flow in winter, and its seasonal regulation significantly reduces the economic efficiency of micro HPPs.

In some cases, it is advisable to use a micro hydroelectric power station in combination with a wind power plant, solar power plant and other energy sources. The creation of such energy complexes is one of the promising areas of development.

In relation to various natural conditions, two types of micro hydroelectric power stations can be distinguished: those that realize the potential energy or the kinetic energy of the watercourse.

Examples of the first type are micro HPPs with traditional equipment, run-of-river or diversion HPPs, as well as the so-called sleeve HPPs (a kind of diversion HPPs) that have been developed in recent years.

Micro HPPs of the second type are installed directly in the watercourse. Examples of them are the daisy-chain hydroelectric power stations designed by B.S. Blinova and others, triplex vertical Yu.M. Novikov, rod plane-parallel and plane lifting M.I. Loginova, Yu.M. Novikov, end membrane, rotary type and capsule hydraulic units used abroad.

In the 50s, hydraulic units for microhydroelectric power plants were mass-produced in the USSR for heads from 1,5 m, water flow from 0,49 m / s, with a minimum hydroturbine power of 6,7 kW. At present, the production of equipment for micro hydroelectric power plants has been started again in Russia.

Author: Magomedov A.M.

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