Wind power abroad. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Wind power plants (WPP) have now reached the level of commercial maturity and in places with average annual wind speeds of more than 5 m/s successfully compete with traditional sources of electricity.

Fig.2.2.1. Wind farm in California, USA.

The conversion of wind energy into mechanical, electrical or thermal energy is carried out in wind turbines with a horizontal or vertical arrangement of the wind turbine shaft. The most widely used wind turbines with a horizontal axis of the rotor, operating on the principle of a windmill. Turbines with a horizontal axis and a high coefficient of speed have the highest value of the wind energy utilization coefficient (0,46-0,48). Vertical axis wind turbines are less efficient (0,45) but have the advantage of not having to be tuned to the wind direction. Table 2.2.1 shows data on the market share of various types of wind turbines in the old states of Germany.

Table. 2.2.1

Wind turbines with a unit capacity of 100 to 500 kW are the most widespread among network installations today. The specific cost of wind turbines with a capacity of 500 kW is now about $1200/kW and tends to decrease. Table 2.2.2 shows the power structure of wind turbines in the old states of Germany.

Table. 2.2.2

Wind turbines of the megawatt class have been built in a number of countries (Figure 2.2.1) and are currently at the stage of experimental research or trial operation.

Fig 2.2.2. Megawatt-class experimental turbines

In many developed countries, there are State programs for the development of renewable energy sources, including wind energy. Thanks to these programs, scientific, technical, energy, environmental, social and educational tasks are solved. The generators of renewable energy projects in Europe are research centers (Riso, SERI (currently NREL), Sandia, ECN, TNO, NLR, FFA, D(FV)LR, CIEMAT, etc.), universities and interested companies.

In 1994, in Madrid, at the conference "Master Plan for the Development of Renewable Energy Sources in Europe", a declaration was adopted by the countries of the European Union. The "Madrid Declaration" set goals to achieve a 15% level of renewable energy in the total energy consumption in the countries of the European Union by 2010. In 1994, the installed capacity of solar panels, mini hydroelectric power plants and wind turbines in the countries of the European Union was 5.3 GW , by 2010 it is planned to install equipment with an installed capacity of 55 GW.

The set goals are achieved by solving problems in the field of policy, preferential tax legislation, state financial support through scientific and technical programs, preferential lending, creating an information network, an education system, internships, promoting high technologies, creating jobs in industries and preparing public opinion.

On fig. 2.2.3 shows two scenarios for the use of renewable energy sources in Europe.

Percentage of world energy supply

years
Fig.2.2.3. Two scenarios for energy development up to 2020 in European countries: • • • ____ Current policy; ------ Environmentally oriented policy; * Traditional sources: fossil fuels and large hydropower; ** New sources: biomass, solar, wind, geothermal, small hydropower

Favorable conditions for the development of the energy sector will make it possible to increase the consumption of electrical energy by 2020% by 30

including at the expense of renewable energy sources by 15%. Table 2.2.3. ratios for electricity generation by various renewable energy sources in European countries are given according to optimistic and pessimistic forecasts until 2020. The forecast is based on an analysis of the growth rates of installed capacity of various types of renewable energy sources in the countries of the European Union. The share of wind energy will be 15% according to a pessimistic estimate, 16% according to an optimistic estimate.

Table. 2.2.3

In 1994, the installed capacity of wind farms worldwide was 3200 MW, 1400 MW was in Europe. Table 2.2.4 shows data on the total installed capacity of wind farms by country.

Table. 2.2.4

Annually in Europe, the installed capacity of wind turbines is 200 MW. Under favorable conditions, the increase in installed capacity can be 800 MW. The most effective programs for increasing the installed capacity of wind farms are the programs of the countries of Europe, China, India, the USA, and Canada.

The annual turnover due to sales of wind turbines in European countries is 400 MECU. More than 10 largest banks in Europe are investing in the wind energy industry. More than 20 large European private investors finance wind energy. The cost of wind energy depends mainly on the following 6 parameters:

• investments in the production of a wind turbine (expressed as a ratio of $ / sq. m - the price of one square meter of the swept area of ​​the wind turbine rotor);
• efficiency of the system;
• average wind speed ;
• availability;
• technical resource.

Table. 2.2.5

Over the past three decades, wind energy technology has been focused on the creation of networked wind turbines WECS. Significant progress has been made in this direction. Many thousands of modern WECS installations have proven to be fully competitive with conventional energy sources. Existing electrical networks carry out the transportation of electricity generated by wind farms to various regions.

In recent years, technologies for the use of wind energy in isolated networks have been intensively developed. In isolated transmission networks, the inevitable cost per unit of energy produced is many times higher than in centralized transmission networks. Power generation plants are usually based on small internal combustion engines using expensive fuels, where the cost of transporting fuel alone often raises the cost per unit of energy produced by dozens of times the cost of energy in the best central transmission networks.

In smaller transmission networks, power supply installations are much more flexible: a modern set of diesel-powered generators can be started, synchronized and connected to an isolated grid in less than two seconds. Wind energy conversion is an alternative renewable energy source to replace expensive fuel. New feasibility studies for projects using wind turbines in conjunction with diesel generators in isolated networks show that the global potential for independent WECS systems is even higher than for WECS systems connected to conventional power grids. Table 2.2.6 shows the parameters of existing wind-diesel systems. These systems were built in 1985-1990. Their operation revealed the need to improve systems, create automated control.

Table. 2.2.6

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