Photovoltaic systems for water supply and ventilation. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Photovoltaic systems for water supply and ventilation. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Free technical library

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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With the help of photovoltaic systems, water pumping and ventilation can be carried out. Photovoltaic modules produce the most energy on clear, sunny days. Simple photovoltaic systems immediately use the generated DC current to run a pump or fan. Such systems have advantages for solving simple problems. Energy is produced where and when it is needed, so wiring, storage and control systems are not required. Small - up to 500 watts - systems weigh less than 70 kg, so they are easy to transport and install. Installation takes only a few hours. While the pumps and fans require maintenance, the PV modules themselves need only occasional inspection and cleaning.

Photovoltaic pumping units are a welcome alternative to diesel generators and hand pumps. They pump water exactly when it is most needed - on a clear sunny day. Solar pumps are easy to install and operate. A small pump can be installed by one person in a couple of hours, and neither experience nor special equipment is needed for this.

Advantages of solar pumps:

minimum maintenance and repair;
ease of installation;
reliability;
Possibility of modular expansion of the system.

The use of solar energy is fundamentally different from traditional electrical and fuel systems. For this reason, solar pumps are also different from conventional ones. They operate on direct current. The amount of energy depends on the intensity of solar radiation. Because it's cheaper to store water (in tanks) than energy (in batteries), solar pumps have low output, pumping water slowly throughout the daylight hours.

The use of simple, efficient systems is a key factor in using the Sun to lift water. For this purpose, special low-power DC pumps are used without batteries and without current converters. Modern DC motors work well with variable power and speed. They need minor repairs (replacement of worn parts) no earlier than 5 years after their installation. Most solar pumps used for small consumers (residential buildings, small irrigation, livestock) are piston pumps. They differ from faster centrifugal pumps (including jet and submersible).

Pumps are divided into piston, diaphragm, rotary and lever. They are best suited for low volume jobs, especially when variable operating speeds are needed. Larger systems use centrifugal, jet and turbo pumps. Electronic matching devices allow solar pumps to turn on and work in low light conditions. This allows you to use the energy of the sun directly, without batteries. A solar tracking device can be used to keep the panels pointed at the sun throughout the day, from sunrise to sunset, extending usable daylight hours. The storage tanks usually store 3-10 days of water in case of cloudy weather. Solar pumps use a small amount of electricity. To increase the amount of water received, a more efficient pump and longer daylight hours are used, not more electricity or increased speed.

Where photovoltaic pumps have come into competition with diesel pumps, their relatively high initial cost is offset by fuel savings and lower maintenance costs. Cost-effectiveness studies of photovoltaic pumping systems confirm that they are often more cost-effective than diesel pumps - depending on the specific conditions.

See other articles Section Alternative energy sources.

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