Solar energy combined with other renewable sources. Scheme, description

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Solar energy combined with other renewable sources. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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A good result is the combination of various renewable energy sources, for example, solar heat combined with seasonal heat storage in the form of biomass. Or, if the remaining energy demand is very low, liquid or gaseous biofuels can be used in combination with efficient boilers in addition to solar heating.

An interesting combination is solar heating and solid biomass boilers. This also solves the problem of seasonal storage of solar energy. The use of biomass in summer is not the optimal solution, since the efficiency of boilers at partial load is low, in addition, losses in pipes are relatively high - and in small systems, burning wood in summer can be inconvenient. In such cases, all 100% of the heat load in summer can be provided by solar heating. In winter, when the amount of solar energy is negligible, almost all heat is generated by burning biomass.

There is a lot of experience in Central Europe in combining solar heating and biomass combustion for heat production. Typically, about 20-30% of the total heat load is covered by the solar system, and the main load (70-80%) is provided by biomass. This combination can be used both in individual residential buildings and in central (district) heating systems. In the conditions of Central Europe, about 10 cubic meters of biomass (for example, firewood) is enough to heat a private house, and a solar installation can save up to 3 cubic meters of firewood per year.

Tips for the designer

When designing a photovoltaic installation, a number of different factors must be taken into account in order to find optimal solutions. First, you need to find out how much energy is required from the installation. After that, the total daily consumption in ampere-hours is calculated. The total amount of energy storage is derived from the total daily and weekly consumption. It is necessary to take into account how many cloudy days the installation should operate. Finally, it is necessary to estimate how many photovoltaic modules will be needed to produce enough energy. The photovoltaic installation can also be combined with other energy sources. Successfully combined, for example, a small wind turbine and solar cells. The resulting energy can be stored in a lead or nickel-cadmium battery.

Typical system characteristics

Off-grid systems are less efficient because they run at a nearly constant load all year round, and their PV modules are sized to provide enough power in the winter, even though this means overproduction in the summer. A typical professional system in Europe produces an average of 200-550 kWh/kWp per year.

Hybrid systems have a higher coefficient of performance, since they are sized to match the required load in summer, and in winter and in inclement weather, they are supplemented by another system - a wind turbine or a diesel generator. The typical average annual output of such a system is 500-1250 kWh/kWp, depending on the losses caused by the charge regulator and the battery.

Grid-connected photovoltaic systems have the best coefficient of performance, as all of the energy produced is either fully utilized on site or fed into the grid. Typical average annual output is 800-1400 kWh/kWp.

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Prosthesis that senses touch 25.01.2019

An advanced surgical operation was performed at the Gothenburg University Hospital. A Swedish patient received titanium implants in her radius and ulna, and a prosthesis made in Italy was connected to living muscles and nerves with sixteen electrodes. So the prosthesis was able to receive commands from the brain and transmit tactile sensations.

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Modern prosthetic hands usually receive signals from the muscles through electrodes placed on the skin of the stump. This information is often limited and unreliable. As a rule, only a few rough actions can be performed this way - squeezing and unclenching the palm, for example.

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