Solar collectors. Efficiency of use. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources
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The cost of a complete hot water and heating system varies greatly from country to country: in Europe and the United States, it ranges from $2000 to $4000. It depends, in particular, on the requirements for hot water adopted in a given country, and on the climate. The initial investment in such a system is typically higher than that required for installing an electric or gas heater, but when combined, the total lifetime cost of solar water heaters is typically lower than for conventional heating systems.
It should be noted that the main payback period of funds invested in the solar system depends on the prices of fossil energy carriers that it replaces. In the countries of the European Union, the payback period is usually less than 10 years. The expected service life of solar heating systems is 20-30 years.
An important characteristic of a solar installation is its energy payback - the time required for a solar installation to generate as much energy as would be spent on its production. In Northern Europe, which receives less solar energy than other inhabited parts of the world, a solar installation for heating hot water pays for the energy spent on it in 3-4 years.
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| Random news from the Archive Time on Earth flows differently
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Japanese researchers from the Riken's Quantum Metrology Laboratory and the University of Tokyo found that time at the Tokyo Skytree Observatory, about 450 meters above ground level, runs four nanoseconds faster than directly below the skyscraper.
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The team placed two precision devices at 456 meters and 3 meters above sea level. On average over a week, the clock shows that time on the last floor goes four nanoseconds faster than on the first.
"We wanted to demonstrate that we can take these precise measurements anywhere outside of the lab using handheld devices. This is the first step towards creating ultra-precise watches," added Katori.
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