Passive solar systems. General provisions. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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There are several main ways to passively use solar energy in architecture. Using them, you can create many different schemes, thereby obtaining a variety of building designs. Priorities in the construction of a building with passive use of solar energy are: good location of the house; a large number of windows facing south (in the Northern Hemisphere) to let in more sunlight in winter (and vice versa, a small number of windows facing east or west to limit unwanted sunlight in summer); correct calculation of the heat load on the interior to avoid unwanted temperature fluctuations and keep warm at night, well-insulated building structure.

The location, insulation, orientation of windows and the thermal load on the premises must be a single system. To reduce internal temperature fluctuations, insulation should be placed on the outside of the building. However, in places with rapid internal heating, where little insulation is required, or where the heat capacity is low, the insulation should be on the inside. Then the design of the building will be optimal for any microclimate. It is worth noting the fact that the right balance between the thermal load on the premises and insulation leads not only to energy savings, but also to saving building materials.

According to the US Department of Energy report "Landscape Architecture for Energy Efficiency" (D0E/G0-10095-046), a well thought-out landscape can save up to 25% of a household's energy consumption. Trees are an effective means of protection from the sun during the summer months, and in winter they become a barrier to cold winds. In addition to providing shade, trees, bushes, and lawns can lower an area's air temperature by as much as 5°C, because by evaporating moisture, plants cool the surrounding air.

trees should be planted in such a way that they can provide shade in summer and not block sunlight in winter. Even deciduous trees that shed their leaves in winter block sunlight in the winter - a few bare trees can block out more than 50% of the incoming sunlight.

It is important to have an idea about energy flowsexisting around the house. To do this, you need to take into account the existing water sources in the area, vegetation, soil type and wind direction. It is necessary to take into account the effect of the sun on this area. When choosing a site for the construction of a passive solar building, all of the above local features should be taken into account. The future building should be in harmony with them and / or complement them. During the heating season, the building must be exposed to the sun from 9:00 to 15:00 without obstruction.

As you know, warm air rises, so by using the upper floors, you can save enough heat energy. To reduce the impact of winter cold, the buffer zones of the building, i.e. rooms that are not heated or partially heated (amenity rooms, lobbies, storerooms) should be oriented to the north. The presence of a vestibule at the entrance doors is also an energy-saving element: vestibules reduce heat loss and provide a buffer zone between the external and internal environment.

In the Northern Hemisphere, it is important to observe the principle of south-facing objects that should be exposed to the sun's rays in the first place, such as greenhouses and rooms where most people are during the day. In winter, it is necessary to ensure direct access of sunlight to the building. If the windows are facing south instead of north, the possibility of using solar energy is greatly increased. It is recommended to use windows with laminated glazing.

thermal mass - masonry, walls, water supplies, etc. - is an important element of the building, ensuring the absorption of ambient heat during the day and its use at night. Building insulation minimizes heat loss through windows, walls and roof.

When designing a building, consideration should also be given to the use active solar systemssuch as solar collectors and photovoltaic arrays. This equipment is installed on the south side of the building. To maximize the amount of heat in winter, solar collectors in Europe and North America should be installed at an angle of more than 50° from the horizontal. Fixed photovoltaic arrays receive the greatest amount of solar radiation during the year when the angle of inclination relative to the horizon equals the geographic latitude at which the building is located. The angle of the roof of the building and its orientation to the south are important aspects when designing a building.

Solar collectors for hot water supply and photovoltaic panels should be located in close proximity to the place of energy consumption. It is important to remember that the proximity of the bathroom and kitchen allows you to save on the installation of active solar systems (in this case, you can use one solar collector for two rooms) and minimize energy losses for transportation. The main criterion for choosing equipment is its efficiency.

Passive use of sunlight provides approximately 15% space heating demand in a standard building and is an important source of energy saving. When designing a building, it is necessary to take into account the principles of passive solar construction in order to maximize the use of solar energy. These principles can be applied everywhere and at virtually no additional cost.

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