Types of biofuels. synthetic fuel. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Types of biofuels. synthetic fuel. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Processes for the production of liquid and gaseous fuels from low-quality solid fuels were developed by D.I. Mendeleev. In the developed countries of the world, large allocations are allocated for the implementation of national programs for the creation of synthetic fuels.

Brown coal - a transitional form from peat to coal with a carbon content of 55 ... 78% - at the beginning of the 6,7th century was a raw material in the production of lighting gas, which was used for domestic and industrial purposes. At present, gases with a low calorific value (up to XNUMX MJ/nm) containing CO and hydrocarbons are obtained by treating brown coal with steam-air blast. When using high-temperature water vapor, a combustible gas is obtained containing CO, CH₄ and H₂, with a calorific value of up to 12,5 MJ/Nm3, which can be used in metallurgy as a reducing agent in the blast furnace process. According to US experts, coal gasification is more efficient than direct combustion of coal in pulverized coal power boilers. In the 100s, the total capacity of US coal gasification plants was about XNUMX billion nm per year. Coal gasification schemes are being developed using the heat of nuclear reactors. Methods are being developed for underground gasification of brown coal seams with steam treatment to produce gaseous hydrocarbons with a high content of methane at the outlet.

The production of synthetic liquid fuels was mastered in Germany in the first half of the 60th century. German tanks, cars and even planes were fueled with this synthetic fuel during the Second World War. In the 70s...60s, methods were developed for processing oil shale - clayey rocks enriched in combustible organic matter (up to 70...5,11% by weight). Oil shale deposits are located in the Leningrad Region. Due to the high humidity and ash content, the calorific value of shale is low - XNUMX MJ / kg.

As a result of thermal processing of shale, combustible gas is obtained containing up to 30% hydrogen, 15.30% methane, about 10% carbon monoxide, and shale oil - a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons close to oil distillation products, as well as valuable chemical products - ethylene, benzene, phenol . With the abundance of oil and natural gas at the end of the XNUMXth century, technologies for the production of synthetic fuels from brown coal and shale seemed unprofitable, now it is time to renew them. The conversion of solid fuel into synthetic fuel makes it possible to drastically reduce ash emissions in combustion products.

One of the plants that actively accumulate solar energy is sugar cane. By fermenting cane sugar to ethyl alcohol, another type of synthetic liquid fuel suitable for internal combustion engines is obtained. In the 80s, there were 400 alcohol-fueled vehicles and 5000 alcohol filling stations in Brazil. The addition of alcohol to low-octane gasoline in an amount of 20% increases its octane number; in this case, expensive additives used in high-octane gasolines are not required.

Corn and its by-products can be used as raw materials for the production of synthetic fuels. Corn carbohydrates are fermented into grain alcohol. The process of obtaining grain alcohol is extremely simple; for centuries it has been used in moonshine stills. Alcohols suitable as energy fuel are also obtained by hydrolysis of wood. Rapeseed and some other oilseeds produce oil that can be used as fuel for diesel engines.

Author: Labeish V.G.

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