Geothermal heat supply. Scheme, description

Free technical library

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Free library / Schemes of radio-electronic and electrical devices

Geothermal heat supply. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Free technical library

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

Comments on the article

For Russia, with its harsh climate and long winters, it is very tempting to use geothermal heat for heating purposes. There is some experience in solving this problem.

At the Nalchik resort in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, highly mineralized thermal water with a temperature of more than 80°C. Intermediate heat exchangers are used. Cooled in heat exchangers to a temperature of about 40°C thermal water is supplied to the baths and showers of the balneological clinic, bromine, iodine, and rare earth elements are obtained from it along the way.

In the city of Makhachkala (Dagestan), geothermal wells are used, which provide low-mineralized water with a temperature of about 65°C, with a pressure of 0,6.0,8-2.3 MPa, well flow rate of 3 thousand m100/day. For the purposes of district heating, peak heating is used in fossil fuel boilers or in electric heaters. The peak boiler works for a small part of the heating season. In the city of Kizlyar (Dagestan), thermal water with a temperature of 105 ... XNUMX is used for heating°C, supplied from a depth of up to 3000 meters, water salinity 10.12 g/l. The cost of one gigacalorie of heat in the geothermal heat supply system is approximately 2 times lower than from fuel boilers.

In Omsk, wells from a depth of 2.2,5 km give up to 3 thousand m3/day. Water temperatures up to 80°C. The water is highly mineralized (up to 27 g/l of salts), and carries associated methane, which can be used in peak boilers to reheat water for heating systems. With a temperature graph of 100 - 50°This will make it possible to receive up to 100 Gcal of heat per day from one well. Such heat is enough to provide heating and hot water supply for approximately 20 thousand m2 of living space. The costs invested in drilling wells pay off in about 2,5 years.

The experience of geothermal heating in Reykjavik (Iceland) is interesting. Geothermal water is supplied to the city through a two-pipe pipeline (pipes with a diameter of 350 mm), a distance of 21 km, an annual water consumption of about 8 million m3, a temperature of 87°C. Water is supplied to storage tanks with a total capacity of 8400 m400, installed on an elevated place. Tanks equalize the daily schedule of hot water consumption. From the tanks, water flows through the main two-pipe pipeline with a diameter of 72 mm. Street single-pipe heating mains have a total length of 70 km, house inlets with a diameter of up to 100 mm - more than XNUMX km. For a country importing fuel, the use of geothermal resources is a favorable way out of energy difficulties.

It is promising to use the heat of thermal waters in greenhouses. The cost of waste heat from a GeoTPP is negligible, so geothermal energy is usually accompanied by the development of greenhouses, greenhouses, greenhouses. In Iceland, even bananas are grown in geothermal greenhouses. In medicine, treatment with mineralized thermal waters is widely used.

In the permafrost regions covering more than 50% of the territory of Russia, open-cast mining is usually carried out only in the summer. Using the warmth of the earth's interior will allow mining operations all year round.

From thermal waters, cheap chemical products are obtained - iodine, bromine, boron, lithium, cesium, rubidium, strontium, etc. Their extraction from solutions does not require large capital expenditures for mining. Thermal waters are easily enriched by evaporation.

Let us dwell on the problems hindering the development of geothermal energy.

At some geothermal fields, a decrease in well flow rate during operation was noted. So, at the Pauzhetskaya GeoTPP, a year after the station was launched, the well flow rate decreased by 15%. On the other hand, at GeoTPP Lorderello (Italy) over 40 years of operation, the well flow rate has not changed. According to world practice, the average life of wells is 25...30 years. Geological exploration and drilling of new wells increases the capital costs of geothermal energy. Geothermal deposits are not well understood from the point of view of geology and geophysics, it is not clear how far the wells should be located from each other, why neighboring wells sometimes produce water of different temperatures and pressures.

High mineralization and gases dissolved in geothermal waters cause intensive scale deposition, increased equipment corrosion. It is necessary to use intermediate heat exchangers, in which mineralized water from the earth's interior with a high content of harmful gases transfers heat to the network water of the secondary circuit. It is necessary to use expensive corrosion-resistant structural materials, more often to resort to chemical washing of equipment, which increases operating costs. ENIN has developed plate heat exchangers with carbon steel plates protected by a polymer coating, the use of which will increase the service life of the equipment. Composite coatings with increased thermal conductivity are being developed. To combat pipe corrosion, tanks are placed near wells to remove dissolved gases. Corrosion develops mainly at the air-water interface; to suppress it, used oils and paraffins are pumped into the wells, which dissolve gases and serve as a protective cushion on the water surface.

Geothermal waters often contain toxic substances - H₂S, N / A₂, HF, HCl, etc. The waters of the Paratunskoye deposit contain up to 0,6 g/m3 of arsenic. Cleaning the coolant from toxic impurities with ion-exchange resins and other methods also increases operating costs and requires the use of additional control and signaling devices, individual and group personnel protection equipment.

Author: Labeish V.G.

See other articles Section Alternative energy sources.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Alcohol content of warm beer 07.05.2024

Beer, as one of the most common alcoholic drinks, has its own unique taste, which can change depending on the temperature of consumption. A new study by an international team of scientists has found that beer temperature has a significant impact on the perception of alcoholic taste. The study, led by materials scientist Lei Jiang, found that at different temperatures, ethanol and water molecules form different types of clusters, which affects the perception of alcoholic taste. At low temperatures, more pyramid-like clusters form, which reduces the pungency of the "ethanol" taste and makes the drink taste less alcoholic. On the contrary, as the temperature increases, the clusters become more chain-like, resulting in a more pronounced alcoholic taste. This explains why the taste of some alcoholic drinks, such as baijiu, can change depending on temperature. The data obtained opens up new prospects for beverage manufacturers, ... >>

Major risk factor for gambling addiction 07.05.2024

Computer games are becoming an increasingly popular form of entertainment among teenagers, but the associated risk of gaming addiction remains a significant problem. American scientists conducted a study to determine the main factors contributing to this addiction and offer recommendations for its prevention. Over the course of six years, 385 teenagers were followed to find out what factors may predispose them to gambling addiction. The results showed that 90% of study participants were not at risk of addiction, while 10% became gambling addicts. It turned out that the key factor in the onset of gambling addiction is a low level of prosocial behavior. Teenagers with a low level of prosocial behavior do not show interest in the help and support of others, which can lead to a loss of contact with the real world and a deepening dependence on virtual reality offered by computer games. Based on these results, scientists ... >>

Traffic noise delays the growth of chicks 06.05.2024

The sounds that surround us in modern cities are becoming increasingly piercing. However, few people think about how this noise affects the animal world, especially such delicate creatures as chicks that have not yet hatched from their eggs. Recent research is shedding light on this issue, indicating serious consequences for their development and survival. Scientists have found that exposure of zebra diamondback chicks to traffic noise can cause serious disruption to their development. Experiments have shown that noise pollution can significantly delay their hatching, and those chicks that do emerge face a number of health-promoting problems. The researchers also found that the negative effects of noise pollution extend into the adult birds. Reduced chances of reproduction and decreased fertility indicate the long-term effects that traffic noise has on wildlife. The study results highlight the need ... >>

Random news from the Archive

PHILIPS introduced its mirror TVs in Russia 29.08.2004

Philips has announced the start of sales in Russia of MiraVision TVs, which are wide-panel LCD screens with a mirror coating.

First of all, such devices are intended for institutions of the hotel and entertainment industry, the cost of each of them is about ?3000. Mirrored LCD TVs appeared about 2 years ago. Widescreen TVs of the MiraVision brand were introduced in the US and Europe already in the middle of last year. However, to date, 20 such devices have already been sold in Russia.

Models MiraVision 17HM8801 and MiraVision 23HM8801 have a screen size of 17 and 23 inches, respectively. In these devices, the LCD screen is specially attached to the mirror and occupies only part of its surface.

Other interesting news:

▪ The street is lit by the sun and the wind

▪ Resurrection of mammoths

▪ Huawei NetEngine 9000 Petabit Backbone Router

▪ New Wireless File Transfer System

▪ A new type of infrared polaritons

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Acoustic systems. Article selection

▪ article International experience in organizing emergency medical care for the population in emergency situations. Basics of safe life

▪ article What color are carrots? Detailed answer

▪ article Cargo and baggage tracing agent. Job description

▪ article A simple beeper circuit. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article VHF - FM stereo tuner 60-108 MHz on the TDA7021T chip. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews