Single-circuit geothermal thermal power plants. Scheme, description

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Single-circuit geothermal thermal power plants. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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In a single-loop unit, operating, for example, at the first stage of the Pauzhetskaya TPP, the steam fraction is separated from the geothermal steam-water mixture in the separator and enters the condensing turbine operating on saturated steam (Fig. 4.1). The coolant from the well carries a large amount of salts and harmful gases (including hydrogen sulfide H₂S), whose presence in the steam circuit is unacceptable. Therefore, steam separation is necessary. At foreign GeoTPPs, mainly centrifugal separators of the cyclone type are used, which provide a residual steam moisture content of 0,5%. In Russia, ENI-Nom has developed a gravity separator, at the outlet of which the moisture content of the steam is from 0,01 to 0,05%. If we also apply flushing of the "live" steam with clean condensate (up to 1,2% of the total condensate consumption), then the quality of the steam becomes the same as in traditional thermal power plants and nuclear power plants.

Single-circuit geothermal thermal power plants
Fig.4.1. Thermal scheme of a single-loop GeoTPP

Hot geothermal water is sent from the steam separator 5 to the network heater 4, where its heat is used for heating, and then pumped back into the reservoir by pump 3 in accordance with the requirements of environmental protection and reservoir pressure maintenance. Typically, the depth of such reverse wells 2 is approximately the same as that of production wells 1. Drilling costs are one of the main cost items for geothermal energy. Salts of geothermal waters are very active in terms of corrosion, so pipes must have reliable protection in the form of cladding and polymer coatings.

The steam from the separator enters the turbine 7, which drives the electric generator 8. The steam exhausted in the turbine is sent to the condenser 9, into which cold water from the environment is pumped by the circulation pump 10. The condensate is drained into local water bodies.

In recent years, there has been a trend in the layout of geothermal power plants with modular power units of maximum factory readiness. With their use, construction and installation work on the site is reduced to a minimum. The Kaluga Turbine Plant produces condensing modules with a capacity of 4 MW, and modular units with a capacity of 20 MW are being developed. Condensing and back-pressure turbines for GeoTPPs of various capacities are also in the plans for the production of the Leningrad Metal and Kirov Plants.

The place for the construction of the GeoTPP must be chosen with the possibility of supplying cold water from the environment to the condenser of the steam turbine plant. A significant disadvantage of single-circuit geothermal power plants is the presence of non-condensable gases in the geothermal steam, which are not separated in the separator. For this reason, it is impossible to create a deep vacuum in the condenser and the heat drop in the turbine is underestimated.

, kW (4.1)

where - thermal efficiency of the cycle, determined by the relation (3.2), is the relative internal efficiency of the turbine, - electrical efficiency of the turbogenerator, d - steam consumption, kg/s. The consumption of cold water from the environment for steam condensation is equal to

, kg/s (4.2)

where - enthalpy of condensate, kJ/kg, c = 4,19 kJ/(kg.K) - heat capacity of water, - temperature drop of cold water in the condenser, oC.

In GeoTEU, there are also energy losses for own needs (mainly, for the drive of the circulation pump that supplies water from the environment to the condenser, and for the drive of the pump for pumping waste water into the reservoir), which are taken into account by the coefficient . The total efficiency of the installation is equal to the product , in operating installations it is 15.22%. Taking into account the use of hot water separated in the separator for heat supply, the useful use of the geothermal resource can exceed 50%.

Author: Labeish V.G.

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