Rural mills and handicraft wind turbines. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Imagine a picture of the recent past... You are slowly driving a peasant cart along a dusty bumpy road. Around are endless fields with rare copses, beams and ravines. Only the dull creak of the cart breaks the silence. But far away, behind a hillock, something flashed and disappeared; then it seemed again and disappeared again... You look closely and guess that there, beyond the hillock, the wings of a rural mill are slowly spinning. This means that a village or village is close. The landscape of rural areas of pre-revolutionary Russia was invariably marked by traditional windmills. There were more than 200 thousand of them in the country.

Windmills did a great job. Back in 1914, they processed about two billion poods of grain out of a total grain harvest of 4,3 billion poods.

Milling is perhaps the only type of agricultural production where wind energy has been used since time immemorial. For this purpose, both the Dutch or tent-type mills described above (Fig. 19) and gantry windmills (Fig. 20) were widely used in Russia.

Fig.19. Tent windmill and a diagram of its device

Fig.20. Gantry mill

The gantry windmill is distinguished by the fact that to install the wind wheel in the wind, its entire body is rotated by the carrier manually on a special foundation. Significant force is required to turn the entire bulky device of a gantry mill. Therefore, such mills were usually built small with wind wheel diameters of 8-12 meters.

Rural windmills of old construction were very bulky. A lot of labor and materials were spent on their construction.

An attempt to improve the rural windmill 60 years ago was made by the Russian engineer V.P. Davydov. He developed the original wood-metal wind turbine. The wind wheel was automatically removed from under the wind when its speed reached high values ​​and posed a danger to the wind turbine.

Wood-metal wind turbines by V.P. Davydov could be used both for grinding grain and for mechanizing water supply and other production processes in agriculture.

Figure 21 shows the wind turbines of V.P. Davydov at the All-Russian Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896.

Fig. 21 Wind turbine system engineer Davydov

However, the tsarist government did not care about the serious mechanization of agriculture. Therefore, the wind turbines of V.P. Davydov, although they were recognized as very good machines for that time, were not widely used.

After the Great October Revolution, the situation changed. The major scientific institutions of the country began to deal with the mechanization of agriculture. To increase the power of windmills, the Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) developed an improved wing design back in 1923. This made it possible to increase the power and productivity of the windmill by 2-2,5 times.

During the Great Patriotic War at the Research Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture (VIME), under the guidance of prof. E. M. Fateev, an old windmill was reconstructed. The wood-metal wind turbines created here have four-blade wind wheels with a diameter of 8 to 16 m and a power of 4 to 20 horsepower (Fig. 22). The productivity of new improved windmills is 2-3 times higher than that of old windmills.

Fig.22. Wood-metal wind turbine D-16 with a capacity of up to 16 horsepower

Such windmills are mainly intended for grinding grain products, but can also be adapted for other work. To do this, a horizontal shaft is connected to the bottom of the vertical shaft through an additional metal or wooden gear. It houses the working pulleys for driving various machines.

Author: Karmishin A.V.

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