Types of biofuels. Wood. Scheme, description

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Types of biofuels. Wood. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Even 100 years ago, firewood was the main fuel. Until now, in agricultural areas and in developing countries, stoves are fired with wood, this is the main fuel for about 2 billion people. 1 m3 of wood gives about 5,5 GJ of heat. Incineration of logging waste and pulp and paper industry in Finland and Canada is a significant share of the fuel and energy balance. Unfortunately, in Russia 75% of this waste is not used.

Russia is the richest country in the world with forests (22% in terms of area and 25% in terms of resources). The total area of the forest fund is 11,8 million km, the total timber reserve is 82 billion m. The forests of Russia play a decisive role in the problem of preserving the planet's biosphere. Between 1960 and 1995, the world's population doubled, and the production of lumber, paper, and other forest products tripled. At the same time, the cut down tropical forests of the Amazon, Africa, and Southeast Asia are irrevocably disappearing. Their area annually decreases by 14 million hectares. The greenhouse effect and associated global warming on the planet leads to sharp climate fluctuations, catastrophic forest fires, floods, etc. Participants in the UN Environment Conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1993 committed themselves to stop global deforestation, but in it only increased over the next decade. Every year, 0,8% of the world's forests are lost. conserved forests

Russia is increasingly taking on the role of the "lungs of the planet", although in some regions of the country's European territory the forest is being ruthlessly cut down.

Fires cause great damage to the forests of Russia. Thus, in 2000, more than 2 million hectares of forest died in forest fires. Forest fires lead to an increase in carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, exacerbating global environmental problems. With the introduction in Russia of systems for the protection and protection of forests, similar to Canadian and Scandinavian ones, fire emissions of carbon dioxide could be reduced by a factor of three.

Competent forest management and logging make it possible to preserve and even increase the wood reserves in the country, and increase the volume of photosynthesis. At the end of the 25th century, the volume of timber harvesting in Russia was less than 3% of the AAC. According to the management regime, environmental and economic indicators, the forests of Russia are divided into 21 groups. The most valuable forests that are important for the conservation of a number of natural resources are allocated to the first group (about 6% of the forest fund). Forests of the second and third groups are mainly of commercial importance. About XNUMX% of Russia's forest area is occupied by nature reserves, national parks, and sanctuaries.

In a number of countries, fast-growing tree species are specially grown as fuel in energy plantations. In Japan and Italy, eucalyptus trees have been selected for this purpose, and in Canada, a variety of poplar has been bred, which increases biomass four times faster than ordinary species. Emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during the burning of wood are compensated by active photosynthesis of foliage. For Russia, these areas are less relevant, it is more important for us to improve the transport infrastructure, including hard-to-reach forest areas.

An important task of the timber industry complex is the use of wood waste, including the green mass of logging, and timber processing waste (croaker, sawdust, bark, shavings, lignin, etc.), the use of heat generators on wood waste and the processing of waste into liquid and gaseous fuels.

Author: Labeish V.G.

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