Perspective heating: wood briquettes. Scheme, description

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Perspective heating: wood briquettes. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Owners of country cottages are faced with the problem of organizing the heating of their own home. It is far from always possible to connect a country house to municipal heating networks. Therefore, today, already at the design stage, it is necessary to provide for all possible solutions for the individual heat supply of a country house.

Perspective heating: wood briquettes

All home heating solutions can be conditionally divided into three types:

Heating systems using fossil fuels (non-renewable energy sources);
Heating systems using renewable energy sources (solar energy, geothermal);
Heating systems using electricity

Consider the advantages and disadvantages of all types of heating systems from the point of view of the owner of a country house.

Heating systems using organic fuel - solid fuel boilers

The most common type of heating is the combustion of fossil fuels in boilers. The advantages of this type of heating are the relative cheapness of fuel (today we can already say that this is in the past) and the simplicity of equipment and processes. The main disadvantage is the need for constant access to fuel. It is far from always possible to bring a main coolant (natural gas) to the house, and storing liquefied gas (propane, butane) and liquid fuel (diesel fuel, gasoline) is associated with certain difficulties. Therefore, the use of relatively new types of fossil fuels - fuel briquettes and wood pellets (pellets) is becoming increasingly popular.

According to modern ideas about comfort, the heating system should be automated, i.e. work without constant supervision. Traditional solid-fuel heat generators running on coal, peat or wood require periodic or frequent attention - it is necessary to lay fuel, remove ash, etc. It was possible to automate the operation of a solid fuel boiler in the 1980s, when wood pellets (pellets) were created in Germany.

Pellets have many names - wood pellets, holz pellets, biogranules, biomass, fuel/sawdust pellets. Outwardly, they are small cylinders 2-50 mm long, pressed from small chips and sawdust of wood. Sawdust is pressed under a pressure of about 300 atmospheres without any additives or glue. Pellets can be made both from pure wood, and from wood mixed with bark and other waste (paper, cardboard).

Granules of the first class - with a low content of bark, diameter 6-8 mm, density about 600 kg/m³, 0,5% ash content. The price in Europe is 90-125 euro/t. Designed for use in boilers and fireplaces of private houses.

In industrial granules, the presence of bark up to 10% is allowed. Diameter 8-12 mm, density 500 kg/m³, ash formation more than 1,5%, cost 75-100 euro/t. Used in medium and large installations. In Europe, in large boiler houses, they are added to coal to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

The thermal capacity of 1 kg of wood pellets is about 5 kWh (4300 kcal h), which is comparable to that of coal. When burning 1 ton, the same amount of energy is released as when burning 1 tons of wood, 6 m³ of gas, 480 liters of diesel fuel, 500 liters of fuel oil. The content of harmful carbon and nitrogen compounds in the flue gases is low, which guarantees the cleanliness of the air and soil of the adjacent area. Pellets have a low ash content (ash is formed 700-15 times less than from coal), the ash residue is good to use as a fertilizer.

Pellets are supplied in plastic bags up to 25 kg or in big bags of 600-900 kg. In Europe, it is possible to order the delivery of pellets in tank trucks, from which they are pumped into the home boiler room using a special pneumatic system installed on the car. In Russia, this service is just beginning to develop.

Unlike liquid and gaseous fuels, pellets do not smell, do not require special conditions for storage and transportation (except for the absence of direct moisture), are non-toxic, explosion-proof and do not tend to ignite spontaneously. Spilled fuel is easy to clean up. Installation of the corresponding equipment does not require coordination.

The scope of pellets can be significantly expanded. Due to the ability to perfectly absorb and retain moisture, they are used to localize and remove liquid products in emergency situations, as a filler for pet toilets.

Pellet stoves and fireplaces also have a number of advantages compared to conventional wood-burning ones - the almost complete absence of smoke during operation allows you to abandon the bulky brick chimney (it is replaced by an ordinary iron pipe led through the roof or wall) and install them in almost any, even residential, room. Easy to maintain, they will find application in urban areas. Compact wood pellets fill the volume of the combustion chamber much more efficiently than firewood, so the efficiency of pellet boilers is higher than conventional solid fuel boilers.

The power of household pellet boilers is up to 100 kW, industrial plants - 1,2 MW.

Most often, biogranules are stored in bags directly in the cottage or in the regular bunker of the boiler - it is loaded by pouring pellets directly from the bag or with a shovel. It is also possible to organize a storage for pellets in a separate room near the boiler or in an annex to the main building - and feed wood pellets into the boiler's receiving hopper through a metal or flexible plastic channel equipped with an auger, or using a pneumatic system. The use of a capacious bunker significantly increases the interval between loads (up to 1 time per year). In Russia, mainly large steel structures are sold. They are durable, but massive and quite expensive.

Another common option - cheaper, but less durable - the "big bag" system. A plastic bag (up to 1,5 m³ of wood pellets) is hung on racks next to the boiler.

A warehouse of any size can be arranged in a well waterproofed room and without any prefabricated structures. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the recommendations of the manufacturer of the boiler equipment. The storage floor can be horizontal, but more often it is made inclined (at an angle of 50 °) or gable, in the lower part there is an open groove through which the pellets are pushed by a built-in auger into a round channel that communicates with the boiler furnace. It is advisable to install a turner on the floor of the warehouse - a two-bladed device, from time to time, at the signal of the boiler room, automatically mixing the mass of pellets in the auger zone so that they do not cake and the boiler feed is uniform. The arrangement of a warehouse in the basement requires serious work on waterproofing.

You can store pellets in a special plastic container up to 11 m³, resembling a vessel for liquid fuel or water. It is buried or sprinkled with earth at a short distance from the house.

In the 1980s pellets quickly gained popularity in Europe as an alternative fuel. In the 1990s they lost their positions, but in the 2000s. were again in demand. The reasons for this were the improvement of technologies for the production of granular fuel and the number of enterprises producing it, as well as the creation of new, improved pellet stoves. The tightening of requirements for the environmental safety of equipment is forcing consumers to switch to the most harmless installations, which are pellet ones. In addition, in Europe, many regional and city-scale boiler houses that previously used coal are being converted to work on granular fuel, which turned out to be cost-effective.

In Russia, the potential for the production of pellets can hardly be overestimated: the stocks of raw materials are huge, woodworking is characterized by large losses of wood, which can be turned into pelletized fuel. In woodworking, the volume of sawdust and shavings reaches 12% of the feedstock. From the corresponding boiler equipment, models from the Czech Republic, Italy, Germany, Finland and Latvia are presented on the market.

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