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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING There is no alternative alternative. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources Global energy is in for big changes. In the last 10 years, the world has seen a rapid leap towards renewable energy sources. The growth rate of wind and solar energy in the world has been 30% or more for several years in a row, which exceeds the growth rate of traditional coal and gas energy by an order of magnitude. In the crisis years of 2008-2009 not only has this growth not weakened, it has accelerated. And this happened against the background of falling prices for traditional energy carriers and, it would seem, the increased attractiveness of gas, coal and oil products again.
Global energy grows mainly due to the commissioned capacities based on RES, while new generation based on fossil fuels, as a rule, only replaces aging and inefficient energy capacities. In 2009-2010 A milestone event has taken place in the world of energy. For the first time in history, the total capacity of all commissioned RES capacities exceeded the total capacity of new fuel generation. Trends have finally crossed and will continue to move in opposite directions. Why? Global trend, fashion. The governments of developed countries, the world's largest manufacturing companies have made a choice in favor of renewable energy. The world elite is in search of a new direction for the development of the economy, a new application of capital and knowledge. Renewable energy is seen as one of such promising areas. Cost indicators. The era of cheap hydrocarbons is coming to an end. The extraction of oil, gas, coal goes further and further into the sea, into the taiga, to the north or south. Cream was skimmed off in the 30th century. There is no doubt that the resources of oil, gas and coal will last for hundreds of centuries, but these resources will be expensive. On the contrary, kW of installed RES capacity over the past XNUMX years has fallen in price by an order of magnitude. In some cases, the price of electricity produced using RES is already cheaper than electricity using hydrocarbon fuel. Technical progress and new technologies. Technological progress, of course, has affected all sectors of the world economy. But in the field of renewable energy, in recent years it has been moving ahead with a noticeable lead. The efficiency of the equipment has increased several times with a constant decrease in the price of it. For example, wind turbines installed in Europe 10 years ago are already morally and physically obsolete. In fuel energy, on the contrary, new types of equipment are usually more sophisticated and more expensive than the previous ones. Political risks. The world is becoming more and more unstable, which significantly affects the volatility of prices for traditional energy carriers, in the final price of which the lion's share is paid for the "mood" of investors and speculators. infrastructure risks. As a result of political risks, there are difficulties and disruptions in the supply of energy carriers themselves, the areas of production of which are remote from the areas of consumption. In the middle of the XNUMXth century, the world was already going through a temporary stage of abandoning oil pipelines (for example, on the Arabian Peninsula) in favor of the development of tanker transportation due to political instability in the region. Apparently, the same thing awaits us in the near future. Gas pipeline mega-projects in Eurasia face a host of market and political risks in transit countries, pirates are gaining influence on the seas, and so on. All this increases the risk of undersupply of fuel, and, accordingly, high costs are required for the maintenance and storage of energy carriers. Terrorist risks. The fuel energy infrastructure is attracting increased attention from all kinds of extremist and radical communities. In this regard, in recent years, the cost of their protection and safety has increased many times over. Renewable energy facilities are less interesting from this point of view: they are low-power, distributed over the territory, their destruction does not threaten the lives of the people around them in any way (it makes no sense to blow up an offshore wind farm, for example). distributed generation. All the risks listed above are gradually forming a new global trend - the growth of distributed generation capacities - the transition from large generating facilities to much smaller energy clusters. And energy based on renewable energy sources fits very well into this paradigm, which does not require the creation of expensive transport infrastructure for its own development (both for the supply of energy resources and for the transmission of electricity). Distributed generation using renewable energy sources logically fits into the problem of energy saving and increasing energy efficiency: most of the energy is consumed at the place of its production, which eliminates electricity losses during transport. environmental factors. Here, the advantages of energy based on renewable energy compared to fuel energy are indisputable. Renewable energy uses solar energy or human waste products as energy resources. Pros-cons Renewable energy cannot be fully equated with green energy. She also has her opponents - ecologists, political scientists, power engineers. Thus, it is widely believed that large-scale wind power is a source of low-frequency vibrations that are destructive to all living things. Countless birds have allegedly been harmed by wind turbines, and offshore wind farms are seriously disrupting the navigational thinking of migratory birds and preventing schools of fish from navigating the sea. However, there is official statistics, which says that, for example, in Germany, as many as 2009 birds per year died from the work of the blades in 3. And the "stupid" Germans stubbornly continue to build residential buildings right under the towers of megawatt-class wind farms. Solar energy is also not ideal in terms of "greenness". The technology for obtaining raw materials for solar modules is based on chlorine chemistry, which kills everything around. Say, at the stage of production of solar modules, the "green" effect of solar energy is completely exhausted. For each of the types of alternative energy, similar counterarguments can be cited. It is customary to choose the lesser of two evils. At the same time, few people think about the pollution of the world space by such industries as mining, metallurgy, traditional large-scale energy (fuel and non-fuel). Their "contribution" we are only beginning to realize. Solar and wind generation do have other, much more serious technological problems. The sun does not shine at night, solar modules do not work from the shine of the stars and the moon. The wind farm does not operate in low winds or calm conditions. The variability of energy production over time is a truly serious problem in some sectors of non-traditional energy, which adversely affects the capacity factor of renewable energy power plants, and, consequently, the price and payback period of renewable energy projects. But for the development of renewable energy sources globally, this problem is not of great importance. The Danish experience is proof of this. In this small European country, over the past 5-7 years, the share of wind generation in the structure of the entire electric power industry in terms of capacity has been about 20-25%. Moreover, on some windy nights, wind energy covers all the country’s electricity needs! aIn calm weather, the share of wind energy never drops to zero and fluctuates at 5-10% of the country's total electricity needs. This is explained by the fact that wind power plants are relatively evenly distributed throughout the country and a complete absence of wind in all points is extremely unlikely. On calm days, the Danes cover the deficit of their own generation with electricity from Norway, generated at local hydroelectric power plants. The alternative energy option described above allows us to draw several interesting conclusions that are valid both for Denmark and for any other country. Even in Denmark, energy based on RES does not set itself the goal of completely replacing traditional energy, although the global plan has approved targets to bring the share of wind energy in the country's energy production structure to 2030% by 50. Alternative energy rather successfully complements traditional energy, allowing you to respond flexibly to changes in demand. Basic electricity generation, even in the most developed countries in terms of renewable energy development, is still based on fuel generation. This situation will not change in the coming years, since technologies for the accumulation and distribution of large amounts of energy have not yet been invented and tested, and the network of small power plants based on renewable energy is still not developed everywhere. Energy based on RES is most effective in the case of a combination of several of its types or in the case of a combination with traditional energy and the use of smart grids (smart grid). Place of Russia Where is Russia's current place in the world of global renewable energy? In terms of installed renewable energy capacity (excluding large hydropower), the Russian Federation ranks close to the end of the top hundred; in terms of the share of renewable energy sources in the energy balance (less than 1%) we are already outside the top hundred countries. In more than a hundred countries around the world, support for energy from renewable energy sources is enshrined at the legislative level to one degree or another. Of all the developed countries of the world, only the Russian Federation actually lacks working legislative initiatives to support renewable energy sources, not to mention direct measures to stimulate renewable energy sources such as “green” tariffs. Russia is still on the sidelines... And this despite the fact that just a few decades ago, in the middle of the XNUMXth century, the USSR was a pioneer in the development of energy based on renewable energy sources in the world. What is the reason for this state of affairs? Perhaps we have our own special way of economic development? Maybe the West is bluffing, multiplying the advantages of alternative energy? The conservatism of the political elite, the unwillingness of the real development of the country, the fear and distrust of new technologies. The powerful "anti-alternative" oil and gas lobby at the level of the top officials of the state, as well as the total dominance of myths about the high cost, low efficiency and uncompetitiveness of energy based on renewable energy, based on information and statistics from the mid-1980s, in the relevant ministries led to a complete stagnation in this regions in the Russian Federation. We are skipping ahead even the underdeveloped countries of Tropical Africa, Latin America and Oceania, where relevant laws ripen like mushrooms after rain, programs to support the development of renewable energy sources are being adopted, and the first projects are being implemented. For developing countries, this is a chance to build a new energy sector and move on to the next round of economic development bypassing the hydrocarbon stage. Interestingly, even such "hydrocarbon" giants as the United Arab Emirates and Qatar do not hesitate to keep up with the times on the development of renewable energy sources. Moreover, these countries, along with the developed countries of Europe and the United States, strive to take a leading position in this area of energy. The UAE is developing the MASDAR project, which includes the world's first ultra-modern eco-city entirely on renewable energy with a technological university specializing in renewable energy, residential, public, commercial buildings. Beijing and London, the Olympic capitals of 2008 and 2012, have relied on the use of energy-saving technologies and renewable energy sources. In the Thames Estuary, by the opening of the Games, it is planned to launch the largest in the UK, and throughout Europe, the London Array wind farm with a capacity of over 1 GW. On the contrary, the concept of the Sochi Olympics contains "anti-green" principles: the transformation of the reserve into a construction site, the construction of thermal power plants, controversial solutions to the "garbage problem", and even more compaction of the city of Sochi. Almost none of the initiatives for the use of renewable energy sources and modern energy saving solutions find support and crash against the wall of corruption gates. And yet, energy based on renewable energy sources to be in Russia. It is already developing and growth is gradually accelerating. There are objective reasons for this: Resource potential. Russia has the largest renewable energy resources in the world, and of almost all types. At some points, a combination of local conditions contributes to the almost instantaneous payback of projects based on RES. For example, projects for energy supply of objects remote from infrastructure, biogas clusters, wood pellet production, zero houses, etc. These areas of RES are already successfully developing even without special measures to support RES from the state. Support. Until recently, the development of energy based on renewable energy sources in the Russian Federation came from below, by engineers, amateurs, small creative teams and enthusiasts. In recent years, powerful support for the development of renewable energy sources has appeared and “from above” - RusHydro, Renova, Rusnano, Rostekhnologii and Rosatom are gradually included in the process of creating a renewable energy market in the Russian Federation. The decline of infrastructure. It is becoming more and more difficult and expensive for new owners, builders and developers to agree on connection to power grids and gas pipelines. There are significant limitations on available capacities. The country's power grid economy needs a large-scale modernization, which, apparently, will follow the path of decentralized generation development. Territory development and new construction. In territories where there is no ready-made infrastructure (electricity networks, gas pipelines), one has to look for alternative ways of supplying energy to new infrastructure facilities. In the most energy-deficient regions, the choice is increasingly being made in favor of own generation based on RES. Fueling with gasoline and diesel fuel is becoming more and more expensive every day. Tariff growth. The most important driver for the growth of generation based on RES is the consistent bringing of domestic prices for gas and electricity to the Western level. A full transition to gas tariffs equal to European ones, liberalization of the electricity market will lead to the fact that without the use of generation based on renewable energy sources and energy saving, it will be difficult for Russian consumers to ensure their competitiveness. Publication: AEnergy.ru
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