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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
It is believed that the first elevator was installed in 1743 in the palace of the French king Louis XV in Versailles, so that the thirty-three-year-old king could effortlessly climb to his mistress's apartment, located on the floor above. However, in ancient sources there are references to earlier passenger lifting machines - in the Sinai monastery (Egypt, VI century AD) and even in Ancient Rome (I century BC). In 1795, our famous Kulibin developed helical lifting and lowering chairs for the Winter Palace. All these lifts used the physical strength of slaves or servants, less often draft animals. Soon after the invention of the steam engine, it was adapted to the lift. The key element of a modern elevator is considered to be an automatic catcher - a device that stops the elevator in the event of a cable break. It was invented by the American Elisha Graves Otis (1811-1861). In life, he changed many professions: he was a construction worker, worked at a sawmill, built carriages, served in a furniture factory that produced beds. It was here that in 1852 he was asked to design a lift to deliver planks to the second floor. Here Otis made his key invention. He attached the cable to the lift platform through a flat spring like a spring (experience with carriages came in handy). And on the sides of the lift installed gear rails. Under the weight of even an empty platform, the spring arched and calmly passed between the rails. In the event of a break in the rope, the spring, having straightened out, got stuck with its ends in the teeth of the rails, preventing a fall. Otis called his lift the safety lift and set up a small workshop to manufacture such lifts. Otis is still very well known in this field of technology. MEGAPOLIS No20 (79) May 23, 2002 Today, on the shelves of any large store you can see various leaf and head salads. Although they are called green, some of them, such as radicchio or red oak lettuce, vary in color from raspberry to maroon. What do they eat with and what is good about them? First of all, salads are low-calorie, but at the same time they are rich in minerals and vitamins of group B, PP, carotene, and in terms of the content of ascorbic acid they are almost as good as apples. Plus, the salad contains more than other vegetables, vitamins E and K, the content of citric, oxalic acids, calcium salts is unmatched. Due to the presence of boron, iodine, iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, regular use of lettuce improves blood composition, strengthens the walls of blood vessels. In folk medicine, lettuce juice treats diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. These are some healthy salads. cooking-book.ru/library/salads/ The culinary traditions of the Tatar cuisine have evolved over more than one century. While retaining its originality, much in the kitchen changed: it was improved, enriched with new knowledge and products that the Tatars learned about from their neighbors. As a legacy from the Turkic tribes of the period of the Volga Bulgaria, katyk, bal-may, kabartma remained in the Tatar cuisine, dumplings and tea were borrowed from Chinese cuisine, pilaf, halva, sherbet from Uzbek, and pakhleva from Tajik. In turn, the experience of Tatar chefs was also in demand. For example, Russian chefs adopted the technology of frying food from the Tatars. Undoubtedly, the composition of products was primarily influenced by natural conditions and, last but not least, lifestyle. Since ancient times, the Tatars have been engaged in settled agriculture and animal husbandry, which contributed to the predominance of flour and meat and dairy dishes in the food, but a variety of pastries occupied a special place in the cuisine of the people. cooking-book.ru/national/tatar/ Absinthe is a bitter greenish alcoholic drink based on wormwood (Artemisia absinthium). Like many alcoholic drinks (gin, whiskey), absinthe began its history as a medicine. Even the Egyptians, several hundred years BC. e., knew and appreciated the medicinal properties of wormwood tincture. Hippocrates, at one time, recommended absinthe for jaundice, anemia, rheumatism, and menstrual cramps. It seems most likely that the word absinthe comes from the Greek apsinthion, which means not to drink. Perhaps this name came from the bitter taste. The Roman scholar Pliny the Elder mentioned absinthe as early as the first century. He wrote that chariot champions were usually given a tincture of wormwood leaves to remind them that even fame has a bitter side. He also characterized absinthe as an elixir of youth and a remedy for bad breath. Centuries later, wormwood tincture migrated from the section of medicines to the section of alcoholic beverages that is more familiar to our days. Independent producers received the tincture in many ways, but the invariable component was dried wormwood leaves, which insisted on an equal amount of wine - thrice distilled fire water. cooking-book.ru/pogrebok/absinthe/ Leading US intelligence services - information providers: FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation. Investigates violations of federal laws, and also carries out counterintelligence activities. Staff - 27800 employees. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency. Carries out information gathering and covert operations abroad. Staff - 15000 employees. ABN - National Security Agency. Carries out space and radio reconnaissance. Staff - 20000 employees. RUMO - Intelligence Directorate of the Ministry of Defense. Collects military information. Staff - over 7000 employees. Weekly magazine. No 23, 18.06.2002/XNUMX/XNUMX. American biologist Stephen Jay Gould, contrary to Darwin's theory, argues that the long neck of the giraffe is not the result of the struggle for existence within the framework of natural selection. He outlined his theory of random evolution in the book The Feast of Leonardo and the Diet of Worms. According to this hypothesis, a random gene mutation led to the elongation of the giraffe's neck. And since the new look did not endanger the existence of the species, it proved to be stable in the future. Gould's theory is a mirror reflection of Darwin's teachings, where all the statements of the English classic are replaced by the opposite: purposefulness for chance, and adaptability for compatibility. The example with the giraffe, according to the author, can serve as proof of the correctness of the approach chosen by him. Weekly magazine. No 23, 18.06.2002/XNUMX/XNUMX. Researchers at the Australian Monash University have developed a new dosage form - a spray: the drug is absorbed through the skin in seconds and begins to act as quickly as tablets or injections. Weekly magazine. No 23, 18.06.2002/XNUMX/XNUMX. Takashi Yabe of the Tokyo Polytechnic Institute designed the world's first laser engine. A directed beam of light is capable of accelerating an airplane made of light polymer to a speed of 1,4 m/s. Weekly magazine. No 23, 18.06.2002/XNUMX/XNUMX. Gareth Malem, a 26-year-old artist from the British city of Newcastle, sold his soul in an online auction for less than $17. Gareth Malem announced that he would sign the documents for the transfer of the soul with his own blood when he received the check. The lack of money pushed him to such a step, as well as an episode of the cartoon The Simpsons, in which one of the characters performs exactly the same operation. This is not the first recorded fact of the sale of the soul on the Internet this year. A graduate of the University of Sunderland with a degree in digital photography and video, says he sold his soul for $16. The monetary equivalent in medieval Japan was 1 koku of rice (about 150 kilograms). The Japanese call Banzai, an analogue of the Russian Ur, literally translates as ten thousand years. In Japan, from 1336 to 1392 (the Nambokucho period), two imperial courts coexisted - the southern and the northern. The term ninjutsu is a non-innovation of the XNUMXth century. Prior to this, the art of espionage was called shinobi. Archery was not one of the seven noble knightly arts and was generally considered the lot of the common people. At the same time, every samurai constantly trained in kyu-do (the way of the bow and arrow). RUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF MARTIAL ARTS RUBIKON Before the Dowry in Russia, girls were not called by the name Larisa (Greek seagull). After 1986, the name Larisa took root. Pavel P. Svinin (1787 - 1839) was Khlestakov's prototype in N.V. Gogol Inspector. Subsequently, he became the publisher of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine. In Jonathan Swift's novel Gulliver's Travels, which was a huge success everywhere, the word midget appeared, which he invented, which quickly entered different languages of the world. The work known to us as the Divine Comedy, Dante himself called simply Comedy. The word Divine was added to the original name 200 years after the death of the great Italian thinker. According to the publishers, the changed name should have been more euphonious. Apparently, they were right, because. no one remembers the original name anymore. The novel of the English writer W. Thackeray Vanity Fair in 1853 was translated in Russia under the title Bazaar of worldly vanity. In German, there are no native words with the sound [g], in English - with the sound [c]. None of these languages have words with the sound [ы]. In the Slavic languages, there was once no sound [f]. In the dictionary of the Russian language there were no words for this letter. The same applies to words starting with the letter [a]. Pearl The Japanese call pearls the tears of mollusks. In Rus', the word zhenchug (from the Chinese zhenzhu) first appeared in 1161. In Europe, this stone is called pearl. The most incredible legends circulated about how pearls are formed. An ancient Indian legend imagined pearls as raindrops frozen in a shell. The inhabitants of the Russian North thought that pearls were born in the gills of the salmon. In the XNUMXth century, pearls from the dowry of the French Queen Catherine de Medici were reputed to be the best. After her marriage, she gave her pearls to the Scottish Queen Mary Stuart. In London, a pearl is stored in the form of a drop weighing about 120 grams. In 1579, the Spanish King Philip II was brought from the island of Margarita in the Caribbean Sea a white pearl Peregrine the size of a pigeon's egg. In 1904, the rarest black pearl, the Queen of the Aztecs, was found off the coast of Mexico by the Indian Buenaventura Hilles. White or silver sable pearls are considered the best, followed by black, mauve, cream and gold. According to legend, pearls, fading, seem to warn the owner of illness or imminent death. In the old days, they knew various ways to revive tarnished pearls. They were sprinkled with salt, placed in a linen bag and rinsed in water until the salt dissolved. They also cleaned pearls with dew collected in May from sparse grass. Now it is recommended to restore pearls with a weak solution of hydrochloric or acetic acid. In 2001, the 21-year-old niece of Saddam Hussein, Fatima, was proclaimed the Most Beautiful Girl in Iraq. Prior to this, the competitions The most beautiful girl in Iraq, the Little beauty of Iraq and the Fashion model of Iraq were also won by Hussein's relatives. There was a scandal at the Miss Universe 2001 contest - a participant from France, Elodie Gossuin, was suspected of being ... a man! Or, they were before. It was said that her real name was Nicole Levanner, and that she was not 19, but 27, and that she was not a medical student at all, but a dancer (-ik) in a trance bar. But, according to the rules of the competition, only women by birth can participate in it. In the end, the organizers carefully examined Elodie (though, for some reason, the examinee did not take off her swimsuit) and asked her to write a receipt that she was not and had never been a man. On that business they hushed up ... Venezuela is included in the Guinness Book of Records as the state whose representatives most often won in world beauty contests. Over the past 20 years, Venezuelans have become Miss World 5 times and Miss Universe 4 times. But should we be surprised? After all, real factories for stamping beauties work in the country! Girls from the age of 5 (!) are admitted to special boarding schools, where they provide not only general education, but also learn how to walk the catwalk, dance, take care of their appearance, and psychologically set them up to participate in competitions. If necessary, misskam even touch up the face! So, Diana Hayden had her skin lightened according to the European standard and her teeth were reduced - and for good reason! Diana became Miss World-97. Is it true that the Great Wall of China can be seen from the moon with the naked eye? Not true. This rumor appeared at the time of the first landing on the moon. According to him, the Apollo astronauts looked with reverence at their home planet and recognized not only the seas and continents, but also the only structure created by man - the China Wall. Even a simple calculation shows the absurdity of this statement: although the Earth's disk from the Moon seems larger than the Moon from the Earth, it can be covered with a coin held on an outstretched hand. Is it possible to distinguish a wall 6000 kilometers long and 12 meters wide on such a small disk? If a human structure located at a distance of 384 kilometers from the Moon is not recognizable with the naked eye, then the astronauts of the World could well see traces of civilization. They circled the earth at an altitude of a few hundred kilometers, distinguishing cities, roads and fields. We have clearly seen how people have changed the surface of the planet, - said shuttle astronaut Jeffrey Hoffman. - And if the sun shines at the right angle, you can also see the Great Wall in China. Sometimes a wall can be seen even better from space than from the ground. In May 000, a radar satellite discovered the ancient remains of the Wall of China, which were covered with sand on the south side. Is it true that in the southern hemisphere of the Earth the water in the bath swirls in the wrong direction than in the northern? Not true. Legends about the strange action of the Coriolis force are diverse. So, tourists traveling around Africa reported one virtuoso from a village located on the equator. He did the following trick: he threw the leaves into a basin of water, the water flowed out through a hole in the bottom. If the basin stood a couple of meters north of the equator, the leaves twisted in one direction, a couple of meters south - in the other. And precisely at the equator, the water flowed without swirling. This aboriginal is a skilled magician who imperceptibly gave the water rotation in the right direction. In order for the Coriolis force to act and other interfering forces to be excluded, it is necessary to place the pelvis vertically with an accuracy of 0,0000000003 degrees. The Coriolis force is the force of inertia acting in all rotating systems. On Earth, it affects eddies: for example, in the Northern Hemisphere it spins winds clockwise in areas of high pressure, and counterclockwise in areas of low pressure; vice versa in the southern hemisphere. In this case, the Coriolis force is due to the huge extension of the high and low pressure regions: the north and south fronts are far enough apart for the difference in inertia to work. In the bath, the effect of random movements that occur when the water is released, which exceeds the Coriolis force by about 10 times, prevails. To make this force prevail, according to the calculations of mathematicians, it is necessary to increase the bath by 000 times and let the water calm down for several days. Is it true that Indians never get dizzy? Allegedly, this is why they assembled the steel skeletons of skyscrapers in the early 20th century. Indeed, many American skyscrapers were built by Indian workers, primarily the Iroquois, more precisely, the Mohawks from the Kahnawake Reserve. The tradition goes back to 1886, when a Canadian firm was building a railroad bridge across the St. Lorenz River. And today many young Indians work on the construction of high-rise buildings. They go through a special 14-week training course in Illinois. But that doesn't mean that Native Americans have a special head. It is a matter of training and a matter of courage. The conclusion of the anthropologist Morris Freilich, who interviewed high-altitude workers: the Indian also experiences the fear of falling, but bravely overcomes it. Would the Earth go out of orbit if all the Chinese jumped off their kitchen tables at the same time? No. The Earth can be knocked out of orbit only by an impact on it from the outside - for example, the fall of a heavy asteroid. And what would be the consequences of a collective jump of the Chinese? In 1970, this was calculated by the geophysicist Stone from the University of Alaska. According to his data, with their jump, the Chinese would have caused an earthquake measuring 4,5 on the Richter scale, which could have led to devastation on the western California coast. Then there were 700 million Chinese - today more than a billion, so the catastrophe is expected to be stronger. Is it true that there are more people alive today than dead? This fact is often spread by people who are frightened by population growth. But, despite the population explosion, there are many more deaths. In 1990, this was calculated by Herwig Birg from the University of Bielefeld. He took world population growth data known to science, took into account the birth rate, which before the invention of contraceptives was amazingly constant. Result: 81 billion people have been born on Earth for all time, and now only 6 billion are healthy. After the birth of Christ, 40 billion died and 35 billion - many centuries before. Birg estimates the error in his calculations at a maximum of 15 percent. Moreover, for such calculations it does not matter when Homo sapiens appeared - several thousand people who lived in the Stone Age do not play a role. Is it true that Adolf Hitler was a vegetarian? Almost. The dictator did not eat meat, at least after 1930 - due to chronic indigestion. After eating, Hitler was often tormented by cramps, and through trial and error, he developed an eccentric, almost vegetarian diet. His main meal was raw plant food. Another question: did such nutrition have a fundamental, ideological background? Hitler would not have been Hitler if he had not ideologically substantiated the way he eats with a crude homemade theory: I believe that a person began to eat meat because the Ice Age forced him to do so. At the same time, he began to cook it, which is still harmful. Every now and then they write about Einstein that he was a bad student. Others claim the opposite. Where is the truth? Schoolchildren try in vain to justify their poor academic performance with this legend, Albert Einstein was not a bad student. Rather, it was unconventional and idiosyncratic. He hated the martinet drill of the Munich gymnasium where he studied, and in 1894, thanks to a medical release, he left the 11th grade of this institution. He graduated from the school of the canton of Aarau. In the final work, he wrote about his future plans: I imagine that I will become a teacher of higher education in the field of theoretical natural sciences. The reason for this is my individual inclination towards abstract and mathematical thinking and my lack of imagination. Fossil remains of a creature that first had legs have been discovered in Scotland. 350 million years ago, a four-legged, five-toed animal, similar to an ugly crocodile, roamed the valleys of Scotland. This creature is the missing link in the theory of the evolution of the animal world. His remains were found three decades ago. Then the scientists thought that they belonged to fish. Now it turned out that we are talking about a tetrapod, a vertebrate animal with legs. According to Jenny Clark, a specialist at the Cambridge Zoological Museum, the discovery will help to understand how aquatic animals came to land. The age of the most ancient remains of tetrapods is 360 million years. Then they still lived in the water. But between the first fish with leg-like fins and the first tetrapods that walked the earth 20 million years later, there is a solid evolutionary gap. Daily Telegraph. INOPRESSA.RU
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