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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Redingote - (from the French redingote - a frock coat for riding), an elongated fitted jacket made of brightly colored (red, blue, etc.) dense material with a black velvet collar. The traditional dress of riders at competitions in overcoming obstacles and triathlon, as well as when participating in horse hunts. In the fleet, officers of the nobility wore gold epaulettes with a black gap and received a salary several times more than a mere mortal, a lieutenant, a native of the common people. To obtain the title of nobility, it is necessary to serve in the tsarist navy for 25 years of impeccable service in the rank of officer, then they only assign the nobility with wearing gold shoulder straps. B.I. Kolonitsky, Shoulder straps and the struggle for power in 1917, St. Petersburg, 2001 Many people who complain of pain in the eyes and blurred vision while working on a computer, in fact, simply do not enjoy their work. Italian doctors found that every third such complaints are not associated with any health abnormalities. People who enjoy work had 30 percent less eye strain. For the first time in the UK, police in Sussex County began equipping their dogs with body armor (in the US, this practice has been around for a long time). A £300 flak jacket increases a dog's chances of surviving a bullet by 80%. Vietnam is investigating a mistake made by cartographers who released a map of Hanoi, where the Ho Chi Minh mausoleum is labeled Zoo. Coco Chanel became a millionaire by 1939 - and broke forever with all her less fortunate relatives. She wrote to everyone that she could no longer help anyone, moved from a posh apartment to a tiny, cheap hotel room, where she died 31 years later. Alphabet, April, 2001 Swiss archery champion Jules Barthes, when asked by a sports reporter about how much time he has to devote to training, said: Everything that is taught in schools about Wilhelm Tell is a myth. In reality, he had 11 sons, not just one. Ten of them died in training... The Vatican published a guide on the correct, that is, approved by the Catholic Church, kiss, which distinguishes between three acceptable types of kisses: a friendly kiss on the cheek, a kiss between betrothed young people on the cheek or on the lips, but so that the kiss does not contribute to the awakening of carnal desire. And finally, the third kind of permitted kisses is a kiss between married people. 40-year-old Estonian fashion model Carmen Kass, who has gained international fame and has a record earnings for her country, set another record: she was fined 22 times for driving while intoxicated. Spiegel No2001, XNUMX According to ancient signs, if a newborn baby's nails are cut off on the street outside the door of the house, he will sing well. But it was impossible to cut off the baby's nails on Monday, because then all the baby's teeth would fall out. His mother said to him: Franco, you were born with onions - you won't die with roses! These words were spoken by Goya's mother. One Lipemaniac, who was treated in a lunatic asylum in Pesaro, said that this is a cry that escapes from a chest shaken by thousands of torments. So he talked about poetry. In the time of Louis XI, the daughters of the king were called cages intended for state criminals. It was customary for nomads, when giving names to newborns, to express in the name a cherished wish for the child. For example, the boy's name Tursun means let him live!, and the name Ulmas means let him not die! It was customary for nomads, when giving names to newborns, to express in the name a cherished wish for the child. For example, the name of the girl Yulduz means a star, and the name Kyz-Tugmas - Yes, she will not have daughters. On the grave of this man, his wife wrote the following words: Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you! These words are inscribed on the grave of Alexander Griboyedov. Over every square kilometer of the Earth's surface hangs about twenty thousand tons of water - in the form of steam. The story of the global flood is kept not only by the Bible, there is a similar story in the Assyrian legends. The hero of the myth of the flood in them is the sage Ziusudra, referred to in a later edition as Utnapishtim. The ark of Utnapishtim had six tiers and was divided into six parts, and its bottom into nine compartments. Utnapishtim, after a warning from God, loaded him with gold, silver and domestic animals, as well as steppe cattle and animals, took his family and relatives. Wind, storm and rain continued for six days and seven nights. On the seventh day, the storm subsided, the waters calmed down, and soon the ark landed on Mount Nitsir, now Pir Omar Gudrun, in the west of the Iranian Highlands, within the southern Mesopotamia. The word hurricane comes from the name of the god of fear of the Indians of the South American Quiche Huracan tribe. The Diala River once flowed through the territory of modern Iraq. In one of the campaigns of the Persian king Cyrus II, the royal horse drowned in it, and the ruler, angry, ordered the execution of the river. Three hundred and sixty channels were dug - and Diala was gone. At the Pyana River, which flows in the Gorky region, both the source and the mouth are located very close. Having run in a circle for more than 400 kilometers, this river appears almost at the place of its birth and only then flows into the Sura. Almost that is three ten kilometers. And running around in a circle - it is not quite accurate. Wandering about four hundred kilometers, she makes so many zigzags, unexpected turns, that it is just right to talk not about a circle, but some other figure. And the large Central Asian river Zeravshan, originating in the snows of the Pamir-Altai, has no mouth. Breaking out of the mountains, it then spreads through numerous canals and ditches and gives them its water, although its true geographical purpose is to be a tributary of the Amu Darya. But Zeravshan does not reach her. On March 29, 1948, the famous Niagara Falls disappeared! Every second, six to seven thousand tons of water fall into the abyss here. And suddenly everything stopped. Only small streams flowed from above. The rocks were exposed. More than a day passed and the water came again. What happened? On the morning of March 29, 1948, a severe storm swept over Lake Erie, from which the Niagra flows. She broke the ice that covered the lake, and large blocks of ice blocked the flow of water from the lake to the riverbed. According to the US consulting firm Ernst & Young, by the end of 2000, the number of people worth more than $30 million in the world exceeded 57 people, an increase of about 000% compared with 3. Bar chocolate was first produced by the English company Free & Sons. In 1876, the Swiss Daniel Peter developed a method for the production of milk chocolate, later he sold his patent to the now world famous company Nestle. During excavations in the area of the city of Barka (Southern Iraq), ancient writings were found, indicating that as far back as 5000 BC. in the Sumerian kingdom, sports competitions were held in running, wrestling and hunting lions. Saddam Hussein's 21-year-old niece Fatima has been hailed as the most beautiful Iraqi girl. Prior to this, the most beautiful teenage girl in Iraq, the most beautiful woman in Iraq and the most beautiful fashion model in Iraq were also recognized as relatives of the country's president. over the past 20 years, representatives of Venezuela have won 10 major international beauty pageants. So of the last 18 Miss Universe beauties, four were from Venezuela. There are currently 2,8 min Muslims in Germany. 450000 of them have German citizenship. Entomologists count more than 35 species of cockroaches. Most of them live in the tropics, and representatives of some tropical species of cockroaches reach the size of a human palm. Ment, in Egyptian mythology, the lioness goddess. Menta, in Greek mythology, the nymph of the underworld, the beloved of Hades, torn to pieces by Persephone out of jealousy. At the place of death of Menta, fragrant mint grass has grown. It is believed that the Russians are the biggest mushroom pickers in the world. In this, perhaps, only the Poles can compare with us. The Swedes, although they love walking in the forest, rarely pick mushrooms, considering everything inedible, except for chanterelles and porcini. At the same time, chanterelles are valued much higher than mushrooms. The British generally do not eat mushrooms and, accordingly, do not collect them. The same goes for the Dutch. They generally suspect that all mushrooms are poisonous, except for artificially grown champignons. Of the Western Europeans, the French are the biggest lovers of all kinds of mushrooms. But mostly I like to eat, and so - no. Greengrocers have different varieties all year round, depending on the season. Naturally, there are always mushrooms. By the way, in French, in general, all mushrooms are called champignons, from the word champo - field '. The French also eat mushrooms, which even experienced Russians often consider toadstools - some types of fly agaric, dung beetles, young grandfather's tobacco, psalliota and hydnia, which have no name in Russian due to obvious inedibility. Exotic Chinese black and tree mushrooms, and golden shiitake from Japan appeared on sale. And, of course, truffle, the most expensive and delicious mushroom, which has two varieties - white and black, the second is even more expensive. They grow in the oak forests of the south and south-west of France, underground, they are searched for with the help of specially trained dogs and pigs. Mushrooms in France, except for cultivated mushrooms, are much more expensive than good meat or gourmet fish. In Russia, on average, one twin is born for every hundred children. The following statistics is also interesting: tall women have twins more often than short ones. Blacks have twice as many twins as whites. And in Japan, twins, on the contrary, are a rarity, not to mention triplets. Studies have shown that men and women have approximately the same level of mental development, although there are some differences. Men tend to perform better on numerical and spatial tasks, while women perform better on verbal tasks and memory tests. In men, fluctuations in IQs are greater than in women - there are more very smart and very stupid men than the same women, but smart women are more common than smart men. Seventy percent of all people are of average intelligence. Their IQ ranges from 85 to 115 points. The rest make up a group of capable people with a coefficient above 115 and a group of incapable people with a coefficient below 85. People with a coefficient above 115 can study well, perform complex work well. Those who can only manage the simplest things themselves have a coefficient below 85. Finally, it must be said that all claims of the intellectual superiority of one race over another are unscientific. The average sparrow weighs approximately 30 grams. At the same time, a third of its weight falls on the pectoral muscles, which lower the wings in flight. The normal temperature of a sparrow is quite high - 44C. And the pulse is just crazy for such a crumb - up to 860 beats per minute. The number of breaths is about a hundred. In frosts, sparrows breathe even more often - they stimulate heat-forming processes. When the temperature drops from 32 C to 10 C, the sparrow triples its oxygen consumption. Sparrows look at the world through rose-colored glasses. The endings of the light-sensitive nerves in their retinas (called cones) carry oily yellow-red droplets. These tiny droplets act as light filters, attenuating the green and blue rays, so that the sparrow really sees the world in pink light. The field of view of each eye of a sparrow is 150, 50 more than that of a human; however, the area that he sees with two eyes is only 30, while in humans it is 150. It is believed that about a billion sparrows live on earth. Almost everywhere the sparrow is a sedentary bird, but sometimes sparrows roam for thousands of kilometers. The cruising speed of a sparrow is 35 km / h, the same as that of a crow. But the crow makes 3-4 strokes per second, and the sparrow manages to make 13 strokes. This type of clothing, like leggings, got its name from the fact that initially these tight pants were made from elk skin. For example, in Russia, elk skins were used for dress and daily uniforms of dragoons, hussars and some other types of troops. In general, people used not only elk skins. In the Middle Ages, they did not stand on ceremony with an elk - ears and tongue were the first delicacy. It was believed that a jacket made of elk skin saves from an insidious blow with a dagger. A strong black hoof protected from falling sickness. Branched horns were used for cuttings for the most successful knives. Finally, skis were upholstered with skin from elk knees. Thanks to the membrane between the cloven hooves, the elk, without hesitation, wanders through the marshy swamp. He effortlessly swims across rivers. It costs him nothing to jump over a two-meter fence, to walk 30-40 kilometers in a day. But he undertakes such a voyage under duress - he is lazy. Hastens slowly, mostly at a walk; it happens that in a day the elk does not pass even a kilometer. The surgeon Politiman died at the age of 140; from the age of 25 he used to get drunk every day at the end of his day's work. Another man, who died at the age of 120, got drunk twice a week. A striking example is one Irish landowner, Brown, who lived to be 120 years old. He bequeathed to make him a tombstone saying that he was always so drunk and so terrible in this state that death itself was afraid of him. SMENA.ru/arc/22841-log.html During the eclipse of the moon on January 21, 1693, three times more sick people died than in the previous and subsequent days. Lord Bacon would pass out at the beginning of every lunar eclipse and come to his senses when it ended. Charles the Sixth in 1399 became a lunatic at every new moon and at the beginning of a full moon. solncev.narod.ru/Lunatik.htm According to the code of 1649, the left hand was cut off at the wrist for: two thefts, for an attempt on his master and for the third theft of fish from a pond. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov said that with the words adjective and subordinate clause, students look with hope at the future. And when the words offer and union are pronounced, the students lower their eyes and blush. Statistics say that in the German lottery this number falls out the least. during the two thousand draws that took place from 1955 to 1995, it fell less than two hundred times. This number is 13. Conquering the northern lands, the Romans were surprised when they first saw among the peoples living there, a part of the toilet unknown in Rome. The Celts called this part of the marriage garment, the Slavs and Germans called it brugs or brokes. And today we call this part of the toilet trousers. In ancient times, soda water was used instead, the ancient Romans mixed river sand with olive oil. The Gali tribes obtained it by mixing natural potash with animal fat. And today we call this item soap. An old Russian riddle: Neither a girl, nor a widow, nor a married wife: she leads children, feeds people, brings gifts to God, and still a girl sits in a dark dungeon, knits a pattern, neither a loop nor a knot. The answer to these riddles is a bee. The oldest manuscripts of the 11th-14th centuries were written on specially dressed leather, which in Rus' was called a goat. The word parchment goes back to the name of the city of Pergamon, where they were very skillful at making mutton skins, which are used as writing material. The telorez plant, growing in the bottom layer of water, rises to the surface during flowering. This happens because carbon dioxide accumulates in the leaves and stems and the plant becomes lighter than water. In the sun, telorez becomes heavier due to the accumulation of starch. By the end of flowering and fruit set, starch reserves are already so large that they pull the plant to the bottom. It must be said that the bodyrez diving does not end there. By autumn, the amount of carbon dioxide in the stems increases again and the dream plant emerges. Lakes, densely overgrown with teloreza, part of the year seem to be real swamps, so densely their surface is covered with flowers and fruits of telorez. There is a lake in the world, the water of which is bright pink. It is located near Dakar, the capital of Senegal. The very fact of the appearance of pink water has not been scientifically explained. One of the existing hypotheses speaks of an increased concentration of microorganisms in the water, which color the water in such an unusual color. Another assumption explains this by a large magnesium saturation. The water of the pink lake also contains a lot of salt and has a bitter-salty taste. In Altai there is Raspberry Lake, the water of which is colored crimson by crimson crustaceans, which live in abundance in it. Some springs of Kamchatka are colored green. This is due to the abundance of blue-green algae. In the Kuriles, on the island of Kunashir, you can see a lake with milky white water due to the presence of acids in it - hydrochloric and sulfuric. Lakes surprise not only with color. It is impossible not to mention such a curiosity as a lake of ink. You can see him, and also test the quality of his ink on paper, but for this you need to visit Algeria and find the village of Sidi Bel there. Near it is the ink lake. The natural ink recipe is simple. Two rivers flow into the lake: the water of one of them brings a lot of dissolved iron salts, the water of the other contains humic substances formed in the soil during the decomposition of plant residues. When mixed, these substances form an ink liquid. And on the island of Java there is a lake that blows bubbles. Steam and gases rising from its surface blow bubbles up to a meter and a half in diameter. They fly into the air like balloons and burst with a loud crack. One of the rarest natural formations is an asphalt lake on the island of Trinidad (in the Lesser Antilles group). You can walk on it, even a narrow-gauge railway was laid to take out the asphalt mined here. And yet it is a lake. Asphalt is in slow motion. Once a tree trunk appeared on the surface, and two weeks later it disappeared again. A window is a small clear water hole in a bog. A large polynya is called a wadya. Its shores consist of a swampy peat layer that barely covers the water. Whoever steps on this deceptive soil, there is no salvation for him. Vadya will just suck him into the abyss. But worse than vadya - charusa. She is completely invisible. Having got out of the dense forest, the traveler, as if by magic, meets a flowering meadow in front of him. Smooth, smooth, it is densely overgrown with juicy, fresh greenery and dotted with large turquoise forget-me-nots, white water lilies, and bright yellow water lilies. But the emerald beauty of the charusa is a thin grassy carpet spread over the surface of a bottomless lake. There are a number of theories of the origin of the word Moscow based on the languages of those peoples who live or lived very far from the Oka basin. At the beginning of the 0345th century, there were attempts to prove that the word Moscow is of Iranian-Scythian origin, and that this name is based on the Avestan word ama - strong. In this case, the name Moscow River was translated as a racer river. This version has a number of weaknesses: after all, the nature of the name absolutely does not correspond to the quiet and calm flow of the flat Moscow River. In addition, as is known, the Scythian Iranian-speaking tribes never lived in the Moscow region. Yes and there are no rivers in this region with names similar in meaning and method of formation. sch01.dol.ru/school/best/referats/XNUMX.htm
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