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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Licinius, Roman ruler of Gaul in the 14nd century AD. e., divided the year into XNUMX months in order to be able to collect an extra monthly tax from subjects twice a year. The Vatican has appointed a patron saint of the Internet: the choice fell on Saint Isidore of Seville, previously the patron saint of only computer science. He won in a dispute with the apostle Philip and the archangel Gabriel. Now all Internet users can know who to pray to so that the connection does not break, and also celebrate the name day of St. Isidore on April 4th. The ascetic who lived in the XNUMXth century compiled the first encyclopedia Etymologiae in the Christian world. Everyone knows that the ancient Greek Cynic philosopher Diogenes lived in a barrel. Like many common truths, this statement is not true. Diongen, like all his contemporaries, never saw the barrel. The barrel, in the modern sense of the word, was invented in the Middle Ages. In ancient times, pithoi were used to store liquid and bulk products - huge jugs made of baked clay, dug vertically into the ground. Diogenes, on the other hand, laid this vessel horizontally, thus obtaining a dwelling spacious enough even for two or three people. In 1816, the English hymn God Save the King, translated by Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky and supplemented by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, became the National Anthem of Russia. This anthem was called Prayer of the Russians (Prayer of the Russian people). The hymn God Save the Tsar was written by the composer Alexei Fedorovich Lvov to new words by the same Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky at the direction of Nicholas I in 1833. It was the official Russian anthem until March 2, 1917. After the February Revolution, the Marseillaise became the anthem of Russia, and after the October International. January 1, 1944 for the first time sounded a new anthem written to the words of Sergei Mikhalkov and Harold El-Registan ... Olivier salad was invented in the 60s of the XNUMXth century by French chef Lucien Olivier, the owner of the Hermitage tavern, which at that time was located on Trubnaya Square in Moscow. In 46 BC, Julius Caesar was one of the first to bring the giraffe to Rome. It was then that the Romans, fascinated by the extraordinary creation, called him a camelopard, considering it a hybrid of a camel and a cheetah, and even today his name in Latin sounds like Giraffa Camelopardilis. In the 32th century, as a result of various natural disasters and natural disasters, 1959 million people died. The drought of 61-30 caused the greatest number of victims. in northern China, where XNUMX million people died of starvation during this period. Living Leontina Albina Espinoza, San Antonio, Chile (born 1925) gave birth to 55 children - 5 of them were triplets (all boys). The American Alicia Kistler (1899-1982) became the later mother in the world. On October 18, 1956, at the age of 57, she gave birth to a daughter, Suzanne. The shortest pregnancy lasted 105 days. On February 28, 1988, twins John and Mark Holding were born in the UK, they weighed 880 and 825 grams, respectively. Italian Carmelina Fedele gave birth in September 1955 to a child weighing 10,2 kg. The fastest gainers were: Thomas Hills Zverit (1779-1880) from Great Britain - at 9,5 months he already weighed 57 kg; Therese Parentin (born May 11, 1936) weighed 9 kg at the age of 154. The lightest newborn was the Englishwoman Marian Taggart, born on June 5, 1938, with a length of 31 cm, he weighed only 283 grams. The largest chest volume had: Robert Earl Hughes (1926-1958), USA - 315 cm; William Campbell (1856-1878), Scotland - 244 cm. For comparison: Arnold Schwarzenegger (born in 1948) - 145 cm. The narrowest waist of the 20th century - Efel Granger (1905-1982), USA - 33 cm. The heaviest brain belonged to a 50-year-old man, registered on October 23, 1975 by Dr. T. Hegert, Florida, USA - 2049 grams. For comparison: Turgenev I.S. (1818-1883) - 2012 gram. The lightest non-atrophied brain belonged to a 31-year-old woman, registered by Dr. M. Davies and Prof. E. Wrighton, London - 1096 grams. The highest body temperature was recorded in 52-year-old Willie Jones, who was admitted to the hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, USA with a temperature of 46,50 C (was discharged in a satisfactory condition after 24 days). Longest cardiac arrest - 3 hours 40 minutes, recorded by Jane Jobone (20 years), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, on January 8, 77. Cacti belong to the group of succulents. The name comes from the Latin words succus - juice and lentus - long. Paiza (baisa or basma) is a special plate issued by the Mongol khans in the XNUMXth - XNUMXth centuries. It served as a pass and certificate of authority of messengers and officials. There are many versions of when exactly the first Venetian carnival took place. The earliest mention of it dates back to the 1094th century, when in 998 the Venetian Republic received, under an agreement with Byzantium, houses in Constantinople and additional benefits in the taxation of goods, which made it the de facto leader of the Mediterranean trade. The celebration of this event was allegedly the first Venetian carnival. According to another version, the first time the carnival was held here even earlier, in 2001, when young Venetians were able to recapture their brides, kidnapped by pirates from Istria... Around the World, March, XNUMX At the beginning of the 1880th century, G. R. Derzhavin proposed that surnames be given to the Jews of Russia without fail. According to Derzhavin's idea, the surnames should have been Russian nicknames based on some trait of the bearer of the surname. For example, if a Jew is industrious - Industrial, if secretive - Intricate. The assignment of surnames to Jews at the suggestion of Derzhavin ended in the 40s. Torah people. What is your name? (semXNUMX.ru/religion/surname.shtml) An amendment has recently been made to the Charter of the Italian Army. Now girls with particularly prominent breasts will have to undergo surgery to reduce them if they want to continue serving in the army. The first ever regular sniper unit was created during the American Civil War. The initiator of its formation and the commander was the notorious inventor H. Berdan, who by that time had a reputation as the most accurate Yankee. At a review in the presence of President Lincoln, Hiram personally from a distance of 600 yards (about 550 m) hit the silhouette of the enemy in turn in both eyes. In this case, the newly minted colonel used a long-barreled Sharpe rifle with a telescopic sight. The sniper detachment received its baptism of fire on April 4, 1862. The military historian W. Fox later noted about their successes: Hiram Berdan's Riflemen, without a doubt, destroyed more enemy soldiers than any other unit of the Northern army. Grams per chest (tvplus.dn.ua/history/history-13.html) The Mir space station, which is to be sunk in the Pacific Ocean in the near future, has made almost 15 orbits around the Earth since its launch on February 1986, 87. In total, the World flew in space for about 3,7 billion km, which is comparable to the distance from the Earth to Uranus. The cost of maintaining the station amounted to $4,2 billion. Thus, each second of the flight, or 8 km of the path that the station covered during this time, cost about $ 9. The amount is quite comparable to the cost of a taxi in Florida - $ 1,6 per mile. Moscow taxi drivers ask for 8-60 rubles for 70 km. To overcome the same distance on the supersonic liner Concorde, traditionally considered the most expensive means of transportation in the world, until recently cost its passengers only $6. Power, No10, 13.03.2001 Chopard watches and jewelery has more than 450 models, made in different styles, materials and with a personal approach to customer service. The company's eight in-house designers create 150 new designs every year. Today, Chopard produces 30,000 watches and 15,000 pieces of jewelry - up from a few hundred just 25 years ago. Swiss Watch-Swiss Watch (swiss-watch.ru: /) On the tomb of this king it is written: Here lies a king whose word no one believed and who never spoke nonsense and never did anything smart. This inscription is on the tomb of Charles II. According to the memoirs of contemporaries at dinner, Hitler always told a story about crayfish about a dead old woman, whose body was thrown into the river by relatives as a bait for these creatures; meat broth he called corpse tea. But eels, according to Hitler, are best caught on dead cats. In Dahl's explanatory dictionary, this animal is described as follows: two-womb, similar in appearance to our jerboas and tabargans, but being the size of a sheep. This is how Dahl described the kangaroo. Master Kavusya, one of the heroes of the Polish humor magazine Pshekrui, said: This is a piano striptease. So he speaks of the harp. In the Bukovinian dialects of the Ukrainian language there is an expression for a freebie skhovati. The literal translation of this expression means: to hide behind the bootleg. The letter of Louis of Bavaria from 1328 says: A heavy fine awaits the one who catches the titmouse, a diligent insect catcher. The offender must pay the royal tribute of 60 shillings and a beautiful red hen and 12 chickens. The famous biologist Bogdanov said: Look around. They are here around you, around you, above you and below you, and finally, on yourself. There is no house in the whole world that is free from their lodging. There is no person who has not experienced trouble from this motley crowd of parasites living at our expense. So he talked about cockroaches. It is believed that the gray rat - Pasyuk came from Northern China. In England, the pasyuk is called the Norwegian rat. The term SPAM has its origins in an old skit by American comedian Monty Python Flying Circus in which restaurant patrons trying to order are forced to listen to a Viking choir singing about canned meat SPAM (spam.com/ ). The first officially recorded hijacking occurred in 1931 in Peru. In Asia, the first aircraft was hijacked in 1948, and this incident had unfortunate consequences. In its course, both pilots were killed, after which the Catay Pacific Catalina plane, en route from Macau to Hong Kong, crashed into the ocean. 25 people on board were killed. And SPb Vedomosti. 70 years of air piracy (spbvedomosti.ru/) The purring of an ordinary domestic cat occurs at a frequency between 22 and 44 hertz. Scientists at the Institute of Fauna Research in North Carolina came to the conclusion that vibrations at this frequency accelerate the process of cell regeneration. So when injured cats purr, they are just self-medicating. It is noteworthy that this frequency also improves the condition of human bone tissue. Therefore, close communication with domestic cats can actually improve human health. (top.rbc.ru) Elephants can talk in a stomp. This conclusion, according to the radio station Ekho Moskvy, was made by scientists at Stanford University. By stamping their feet, Indian and African giants transmit alarm or greeting signals to fellow tribesmen. Moreover, their messages are transmitted over considerable distances - from 16 to 32 kilometers. According to scientists, elephants feel vibration even 150 kilometers from its source. The stronger the cigar, the darker its shade. Light, almost green varieties are the weakest. Cigars: the history of appearance (night.dp.ua/part2/smoking/cigar/index.html) Mobile phones are not only one of the most convenient means of communication for a modern person, but also contribute to the development of intelligence. Hong Kong scientists came to such an unexpected conclusion. The researchers conducted a series of tests among two groups of people. The first group constantly used mobile phones, and in the second group, the subjects knew about mobile phones only by hearsay. They were offered to pass the same test, which shows the level of intelligence. And it turned out that the group of mobile phone users is more intellectually developed. They have clearer logical thinking, and they solved problems at least twice as fast. Scientists believe that the cause of this phenomenon is the electromagnetic waves emitted by a mobile phone. Somehow they affect certain parts of the brain, provoking intellectual activity. Only in this way can the researchers explain why the test results turned out to be so different. Professor Lee, who conducted this experiment, believes that during a conversation on a mobile phone, a certain electromagnetic heating occurs in the ear area, which causes changes in the brain tissue. (top.rbc.ru) Domestic cats are not very sensitive to the poison of vipers and catch them without fear for their own lives. Some cats dare to fight even with a cobra. And not without success. A pig does not need immunity or needles. Its safety is guaranteed by a thick layer of fat, in which the poison settles. And the hedgehog, grabbing the viper by the tail, immediately curls up. The snake, in impotent rage, bites into a ball of needles. But even if the snake in trouble still manages to bite him, this injury is not dangerous. The hedgehog has immunity: the serum of his blood, injected into the rabbit, allows the long-eared to endure a double portion of the poison. On different animals, snake venom acts with different strengths. The same amount of cobra poison will kill ten snakes, a flock of twenty-five dogs, a herd of sixty horses and three hundred thousand pigeons! The appetite of snakes is unimportant - they are cold-blooded. So, for an ordinary viper, for example, 6 mice or 6 frogs for the whole year can be enough to be fed! But this is provided that the frogs and mice are adults and large. More mice are required - as many as 19 pieces. By the way, it is easy for a snake to move a forked tongue - it is supported by a miniature skeleton. Modern sizes of bras - A, B, C, and so on - were invented in 1939 by the designer of the Warner Brothers film studio, Leona Gross. This word comes from the Greek words heaviness and I measure. It turns out that this device serves to measure gravity. Today we call this instrument the barometer. The Japanese turned to him during natural disasters and even asked to be cured of diseases, he was considered the main among all animals. Until recently, he was considered the spirit of the Okami Mountains, and fishermen still ask him to send down a favorable wind. It's about the wolf. Originally, Rembrandt's painting The Night Watch was called the Franz Banning Cock Company. Karel Capek said: He is an unusually insidious and dangerous creature, until he is tamed: he spins, jumps, bends, lets the abyss of water under him and rinses with pleasure in the mud that he himself spread. So he talked about the hose. The tsetse fly never attacks zebras. Scientists suggest that the tsetse fly perceives a zebra, especially a moving one, as a flicker of black and white stripes. Phenetic similarity analysis showed that cats of Norway are similar to cats of Shetland Islands, cats of Shetland Islands are similar to cats of Orkney Islands and cats of the Isle of Man. The latter are closest to the cats of the Faroe Islands, they are also similar to the cats of Iceland. It was in this sequence that the Vikings mastered the North Atlantic. According to Tatar-Mongolian concepts, a warrior must cover his chest, and only running underpants cover his back. That is why iron and copper plates covered only the chest. The Turks have the name Yilmaz. It means something that even a dog does not need. The smallest of the American shrews - the shrew - the pygmy weighs only about 2-3 grams. But it turns out that she is not the smallest of the mammals. Lighter than her tiny shrew - from 1.6 to 2.9 grams. There are shrews and weighing only 1.2 grams. Animals with a two-gram weight are also found among bats in the suborder of bats. There are lightweights among birds. For example, some representatives of the hummingbird family weigh 1.6 - 1.8 grams. But an old male African elephant can pull 7.5 tons. Smaller, but also solid, Indian elephant males weigh up to 5 tons. However, the elephant is not the largest representative of mammals. Some specimens of bowhead whales weigh up to 150 tons, that is, as much as 20 elephants! In 1965, twenty years after the end of the Pacific War, two forest demons were captured on the island of Guam. Two American soldiers clashed in the woods with a naked man brandishing a sword. He was disarmed and brought to the barracks. And then patrol in the jungle floodplain and the second person. The wild people turned out to be Japanese soldiers who have been on the island since the Second World War. For twenty years they hid in the wilds of the island, not knowing that the war was long over. The first mention of the Loch Ness Monster dates back to the 1325th century. These are chronicles of the monk Jonah. There are similar entries in the geographical atlas for XNUMX. Summarizing all the known testimonies of eyewitnesses and photographs, the appearance of Nessie can be described as follows: the length of the body is about 8 meters, of which the neck and serpentine head are about 3 meters. On the body one or more humps. Rounded curly tail. If you believe this description, then Nessie is very similar to a plesiosaur, a fossil fish lizard from the Mesozoic era. Scientists know more than 20 species of plesiosaurs. Among them, short-necked plesiosaurs were especially terrible predators. Their massive head reached a length of more than one meter and was armed with sharp teeth more than 20 centimeters long. In Inca mythology, it is called by the deity Viracocha. His appearance is associated with the tears of an abandoned husband. The Indian tribes of Ecuador associated him with the murder of a fantastic boa constrictor. Toba Indians explain its appearance as a violation of the menstrual taboo. Karazha Indians associate its appearance with the fact that a man of the underworld breaks a pumpkin. These are all representations of the flood. A resident of Australia, Leon Samson, ate blades and light bulbs with pleasure. Moreover, Leon offered a bet of 10 thousand Australian pounds that he would eat the car within 5 years, provided that the car was first chopped into small pieces. The Buryats make the following preparations for this ceremony: 10 buckets of a milk drink are prepared - archi, milk food - cockroach, all this is put on 4 new white felts, 9 guns are placed nearby, 9 gray horses and a sheep are brought for sacrifice. The rite is called to raise tengriya to the sky. And it is performed when lightning strikes. The Ural Cossacks called crayfish water crickets and threw them out of the nets. In literary circles, V. G. Belinsky was called a cynic and a bulldog. It is no coincidence that he probably took a pseudonym for himself. Peter Bulldogov. Irish and Turkish wrestlers competed wearing leather pants and oiled their upper body. To win, it was necessary to put the opponent on both shoulder blades. The losers were obliged to arrange a feast in honor of the winners and solemnly hand them their leather pants. The literal translation of the Swedish word Stockholm means: Log Island. Guts-Muts, in his book Gymnastics for Youth, wrote that this is the pinnacle of gymnastic art, and suggested such equipment for mastering this art: a rope stretched between trees, a log located obliquely between two supports. Guts-Muts considered climbing trees to be the pinnacle of gymnastic art.
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