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FACTORY TECHNOLOGIES AT HOME - SIMPLE RECIPES
Mother-of-pearl and marble imitations. Simple recipes and tips
Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes When using glue as the main substance for the manufacture of mother-of-pearl and marble imitations, a number of operations are required, the main of which are the following:
Plate preparation For the manufacture of imitations, completely flat smooth plates of a certain size are needed, which are usually used as polished marble plates or mirror glass with a thickness of 3 to XNUMX mm. Glass plates should be thoroughly cleaned on the side intended for use and rubbed first with crocus, then with fine powder of talc and wiped dry with a soft linen rag. If you need to make marble imitations on these plates, then evenly rub the cleaned surface with some kind of oil. Adhesives For the manufacture of 12 imitation plates with a surface area per square meter, the following raw materials are needed: 900 g of very light carpentry glue is poured over with water, allowed to stand for 24 hours, then the excess water that has not been absorbed is drained and the glue is melted in a water bath, after which 100 g of glycerin are added. If you want to make two-color marble, then the following amounts of ground mineral paints are added to 0,6-0,7 liters of this solution, and the glue residue is mixed with 180 g of thin ground zinc white. if they want to make three-color marble, then every 0,4 l of the adhesive solution is mixed alternately with two colorants, and the rest of the solution is mixed with zinc white: for four-color marble, every 0,3 l of the adhesive solution is mixed with three colorants, the remainder is mixed with 130 g zinc white. Weight ratios of mixtures for 9 varieties of imitation marble and enamel are as follows:
For the manufacture of mother-of-pearl imitations, carefully grind 12 g of fake silver leaf with an adhesive solution and add it in a very thin stream with continuous stirring to a solution of 900% glue mixed with glycerin, and care must be taken that the silver is completely evenly distributed and that no lumps are obtained. Instead of silver leaf, you can also use pearl essence from fish scales, which is used to make artificial pearls. Mixed with silver leaf or fish scale essence, the adhesive solution is dyed with aniline dyes. For a yellowish imitation, stain with a solution of picric acid; if the glue used was not sufficiently light, the addition of a coloring agent is unnecessary, since the color of the glue itself gives the mass a yellowish tint. Bright red masses are obtained by applying a concentrated solution of fuchsin. In the manufacture of mother-of-pearl imitations, especially those made from the essence of fish scales, it is better to use concentrated gelatin solutions mixed with 15% glycerin instead of glue solutions, because the yellow color of the glue does not allow the reproduction of certain delicate light tones. The use of a large amount of colorants imitates an unnatural shade, which is why a small amount of the mass is first applied, after the addition of colors, to a glass plate, on a pure white base. After the test imitation has hardened, depending on the obtained one, the excess of the coloring matter is judged. To obtain blue imitations, the masses are dyed with aniline blue dye, to obtain red ones, with a solution of fuchsin or cochineal carmine in ammonia. The latter gives a very beautiful shade. A solution of vesuvine is used for orange and purple hues, methyl green for green. A filtered solution of nigrosine gives a gray color. If adhesive masses are mixed with aniline paints, then glass plates rubbed with oil should not be used, since the paint turns out to be faded and spotty. Pouring adhesive masses on the plates Properly prepared marble and glass plates are placed horizontally, carefully leveled and a white base mass is poured over them, which is allowed to cool until it thickens, after which the mass is evenly distributed with a spatula (spatula) over the plate. Then, colored adhesive solutions are poured onto the main mass, and they try to form parallel stripes, various curved figures or spots, and various patterns and figures are reproduced using a glass rod. This operation requires the skill and skill of the worker. If you want to get multi-colored drawings, then pour the intended adhesive solutions quickly one after the other in stripes or spots, etc. and distribute them appropriately with a glass rod. If you want individual colors to pass one into another, then the colored masses are taken with hot liquid. If it is desirable to obtain clearly defined figures, then the colored masses are cooled until they thicken. The plates remain in a perfectly horizontal position until all adhesive layers have hardened, then they are placed in a cool, dust-free place; after a few hours, the mass will finally harden. For the manufacture of mother-of-pearl imitations, well-cleaned glass plates are used, which can not be rubbed with oil, since the adhesive mass itself is quite easily separated from the glass. The masses, mixed with strong coloring substances, adhere so strongly to clean glass that, when the adhesive mass is separated, cracks and ruptures are obtained in it; in order to avoid such phenomena, in the manufacture of such imitations, the plates must be rubbed with oil. The adhesive mass intended for the manufacture of mother-of-pearl imitations is kept constantly warm in a water bath and thoroughly mixed before each pouring in order to prevent the mass from depositing heavy silver or getting a film on its surface. For pouring, it is best to use a porcelain cup with a spout, with a capacity of 200-250 cm3, As soon as the mother-of-pearl mass is evenly poured and distributed on horizontally lying plates, they begin to give the mass a mother-of-pearl pattern. This requires a certain skill, which is achieved by known practice. With the help of a comb, with teeth spaced approximately 15 mm apart, circular lines are drawn along the adhesive mass, often changing direction. For mother-of-pearl-like designs, it is recommended to use a beautiful piece of natural mother-of-pearl as a reference. Starting the comb along the adhesive mass from the bottom edge; when the glue begins to thicken (which first takes place at the edges), the comb is carried out over the mass several more times. The finished plates are left to stand for two to three hours until the glue is completely hardened. Transferring the adhesive layer to the gelatin layer Transfer made according to the above instructions of the adhesive layer on the gelatinous layer is as follows. For every 12 imitation plates, 70 g of gelatin is softened in water, then it is melted in a water bath in such an amount of water that the swollen gelatin mass is completely covered with water. 7 g of glycerin is added to the melted mass, mixed thoroughly with gelatin and the mass is left for some time alone for the speedy precipitation of sand grains and other impurities from the gelatin present in it in a small amount. Glass or marble plates rubbed with kolkotar are placed horizontally, then approximately 160 cm3 of gelatin solution is poured and evenly distributed over the glass plate. Then the plates coated with the colored adhesive solution are turned mass down and carefully and perfectly evenly put its front edge on the front edge of the gelatinous plate, slowly lowering the plate with the mass until it lies entirely on the gelatinous layer. Both plates, between which there is a layer of imitation mass and gelatin, should remain at rest until gelatin drops stop dripping from them. Then they are transferred to another place, where they still have to remain alone for at least 6-7 hours. After this time, the separation of the plates from the layers lying between them is started. For this purpose, a narrow knife blade is inserted between the first plate and the adhesive layer lying on it and the plate is separated from the mass, and the glass plate itself is not removed, but left to lie on the mass. After that, the plates are rotated and the gelatin layer is separated from the second glass in the same way. Then they put a fold-bein between both plates, try to slowly turn it; the layer lying between the plates gradually separates from the upper plate without forming any breaks or cracks, but this layer remains adhered to the other plate. The separation of the entire layer from this plate should be done only after the adhesive and gelatin layers have dried. Drying and separation of imitation plates This operation requires a room specially equipped for this purpose, in which the drying stands are placed so that the plates stand on them almost vertically and can be gradually moved upward without much difficulty. The ceiling of this room buys warm air. Humidity-saturated and cooled air flows out through openings located near the floor of the room. The plate, when brought into this drying chamber, is first placed on the lowest racks, where the temperature should be slightly above 20 °C. The next day the plates are placed on a higher stand and so on, gradually moving them upward until drying is completed on the third or fourth day. The imitation plate is tested by pressing firmly on it with a fingernail. When drying is complete, there should be no mark left on the plate. Glass plates with a completely dried mass are removed from the drying chambers and left to stand until they cool to room temperature, after which they begin to separate the imitation plate using a flat foot blade, as indicated above. If they want to make plywood made in this way insensitive to water, then add 10 cm3 of a five percent solution of chromium alum to a gelatin solution mixed with glycerin for each plate and immerse it some time after the separation of the first glass in the same solution. Imitation plates prepared by this method are applicable for inlay work, for covering columns, for haberdashery and paper work, for chess and checker pieces. These plates are glued to the base with the help of glue, to which a little glycerin is added to prevent warping. Author: Korolev V.A.
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