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FACTORY TECHNOLOGIES AT HOME - SIMPLE RECIPES
Watercolor paints. Simple recipes and tips
Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes Watercolor are widely used and are used for drawing, coloring drawings, diagrams, posters, etc. Watercolor paints are produced in tiles, in porcelain or other cups, or in pewter tubes. Watercolor paints are diluted with water and are always ready to use. Diluted dried paint does not deteriorate and can be reused. For the preparation of these paints, mineral, aniline and vegetable paints can be used. Aniline paints are rarely used, because, being absorbed into the paper, they stain it through and through, as a result of which it is impossible to wash them from the drawing and weaken the tone. They are also not washed off with a brush. Recently, mineral paints have been almost exclusively used, since they are cheaper and stronger than vegetable ones. The preparation of watercolors comes down to the fact that crushed paints mixed with water are mixed with a binder and the resulting dough is placed in tubes, cups or molded into appropriate cakes. Gum arabic, cherry glue, candy sugar, gelatin, fish glue and others are used as a binder. The best varieties of paints are prepared on pure gum Arabica, sometimes a small amount (from 20 to 40%) of candy sugar is added. A mixture of gum arabic with light wood glue or dextrin is also used, and these substances are taken in a wide variety of proportions. Mineral paints used to make watercolors white paint Lead white is the best material. These grades contain a rather high percentage of heavy spar admixture. The highest grade of lead white - "Kremzerweis" - tiles of snow-white color. Zinc white is also suitable for making white watercolors. These whites are zinc oxide. The highest grade - "Schneiweiss" - is distinguished by its lightness and whiteness. In addition to these materials, heavy spar and chalk can be included here, but these materials give paint of very poor quality. yellow paint Kron yellow - chrome-lead salt. These paints come in various shades: lemon, orange and others. They have a significant drawback: they change their shade in sunlight. With regard to krona, one must also remember that it cannot be mixed with paints containing sulfur (ultramarine, cinnabar). For yellow paints, yellow carmine, cadmium sulfide, ocher, etc. are also used. brown paint Siena land, Kassel land, Cologne land, iron minium, umber, etc. Red paints Minium lead - red powder. The highest grade is "Mignorange". Cinnabar is mercury sulphide. Natural cinnabar of bright red color. Its shade depends on the degree of grinding; the finer the grinding, the lighter and brighter the paint. It is on sale in a variety of colors. Carmine is an animal dye. It is insoluble in water, easily soluble in ammonia. In addition to these colors, Viennese cormorant, mummy, etc. are also used. blue paint Ultramarine. Recently, artificial ultramarine has been exclusively used. In trade it is in the form of a powder from dark blue to light blue. Fine grinding gives light tones. Prussian blue blue. On sale it is found in the form of tiles or pieces of dark blue. Indigo is a vegetable dye, but can also be obtained artificially. It is a mixture of several coloring substances, of which the main one that gives blue color is indigotine. On sale it happens in the form of dark blue pieces with a copper-red tint. green paint Green paints are obtained by mixing yellow and blue paints, or they use verdigris (the best is French; verdigris is poisonous), crown green, chrome green, cinnabar green, ultramarine green, etc. black paint Burnt ivory, lamp soot, etc. General guidelines for the preparation of watercolors To obtain paint of one color or another, as indicated above, mainly mineral paints are used. The desired shade can be selected when purchasing raw materials or you can get combinations of paints of various colors. Paints that have a very intense bright tint can be weakened by adding some white paint to them. The main point in production is the careful grinding of paints. It must be borne in mind that most mineral paints are insoluble in water, and the dyeing process is, as it were, mechanical attachment of the smallest parts of paint to paper. Many varieties of commercial mineral paints come either in lumps or in insufficiently finely ground powder, and therefore require careful grinding to prepare watercolor paints. Depending on the size of production, grinding into powder is carried out on runners, in ball mills, special paint grinders or manually in a stone mortar. The finer the grinding, the better the quality of the watercolors. The binders are gum arabic, candy sugar, gelatin, fish glue, etc. The choice of binders can vary widely, but the highest quality watercolors are obtained on pure gum arabic mixed with sugar or honey. Usually take 2 wt. hours of gum Arabica and 1 wt. hours of sugar. Often a candy solution and a dextrin solution are also used. For carmine paints, only a solution of candy is used, for chrome paints and emerald green - a solution of dextrin. The amount of binder required for various mineral paints varies widely. Parisian blue requires an amount of binders (gum arabic and sugar) equal to its weight, Prussian blue, Siena earth require smaller quantities. Lead white and black paints require even less of them. Small amounts require yellow and red ocher, minium, cinnabar and zinc white, very little - brown Kassel and Cologne earth. By kneading paint with an aqueous solution of a binder, a clay-like dough is obtained, which is laid out on a marble table or on a table covered with waxed paper. The mass should be rolled out to a thickness of 5-8 mm; leave it alone for 12 to 20 hours, after which it is molded with special molds. The stamp is lubricated with some kind of oil. Forming starts when the dough is dry enough. Molding can be done in two stages, i.e., first, using a stamp or a knife, cut the dough into the appropriate tiles, then, when the latter are sufficiently hardened, press them with a copper stamp to give the appropriate shape and trademark. This last method is more commonly practiced. Completely hardened and molded tiles or circles are glued onto the palette with light carpentry or fish glue. Glue in the form of a warm solution is applied with a small brush on the palette and immediately a circle of paint is applied to this place. In mass production, it is possible to make a brush in the appropriate places of which there are tufts of hair. With the help of such a brush, with one touch on the palette, glue is applied according to the places where the circles of paints will be glued. When preparing watercolors in cups, the resulting dough is placed in appropriate porcelain or other cups. Their binder is the same substances, but honey or glycerin is added to them. These paints are easier to dilute with water. For paints in tubes, gum arabic or dextrin is used as a binder with the addition of significant amounts of honey. For 1 wt. h. Arabica gum take 1 wt. hours of honey. Honey is used liquid and non-crystallizing. Instead of honey, glycerin is used to reduce the cost. In the preparation of cheap children's paints, chalk or talc is used, tinted in the appropriate color with aniline paint and mixed with one of the above binders. Bricks or circles are formed in the usual way using copper stamps. Below we give some sample recipes for the preparation of higher grades of watercolor paints, but we repeat that other coloring and binding substances can also be used to obtain paints. Watercolor Recipes Intense black 130% lamp black is boiled in 1 liter of water; taking the vessel from the fire, remove the foam that has floated to the top of the liquid and add 4 g of finely ground indigo. The resulting mixture is boiled with constant stirring until most of the water has evaporated, after which 4 g of gum arabic, 2 g of wood glue and 0,5 g of chicory extract (optional) are added. The resulting mixture is boiled until it turns into a thick paste, which is then molded into plates or tablets using oiled molds (the best oil for this is walnut or almond). blue paint 33 wt. hours of finely ground Prussian blue are boiled for some time in soft water, to which a few drops of hydrochloric acid are added. When the paint settles, the liquid is drained, and the precipitate is mixed with 16,5 wt. hours of gum Arabica and 8,5 wt. including glue, previously dissolved in a small amount of water; evaporate the mixture with moderate heat until a thick paste is obtained, which is molded in the usual way. When preparing paint from indigo, a certain amount (depending on the shade) of lead white is added to the latter, the resulting mixture is rubbed very carefully, and then proceed as indicated above. red paint Rub 30 wt. hours of Viennese cormorant, carmine, cinnabar or red lead with 10 wt. hours of gum Arabica, 4 wt. hours of powdered sugar and 6 wt. hours of water into a homogeneous dense mass. If the mass is too thick, then add a small amount of water. yellow paint Prepare according to the recipe for red paint, using yellow mineral paints and slightly smaller amounts of binder. White paint White (Kremnitsky) is thoroughly rubbed first in a strong solution of gum arabic to the consistency of a soft homogeneous paste, and then a second time in a solution of gum arabic, condensed to the consistency of mucus. The resulting paste is dried in air and then molded. You can also dry the paste in molds. green paint 8 wt. h. verdigris rubbed in milk and heated at a temperature close to boiling for 24 hours, adding here 2 wt. h of strong wine vinegar and 4 wt. hours of powdered cream of tartar. After settling, within 24 hours, pour the liquid into the bottle; mixing liquid with indigo, saffron, green paint from buckthorn berries, you can get paint of any shade. As a binder, gum arabic and glue are used, which are added until a thick dough is obtained. Honey paints Mix 6 wt. h. Arabica gum, 3 wt. hours of powdered sugar, 30 wt. hours of mineral paint of any color, 6 wt. hours of honey and 5 wt. hours of water. Everything is thoroughly ground and mixed. vegetable paints Purple. The juice of ripe blueberries, squeezed from the berries, is boiled in a clean vessel, a glass of vinegar and 20 g of alum are added, filtered and the filtered liquid is evaporated in a porcelain cup to the proper consistency. Yellow Burn yellow plantain berries are boiled in 0,5 liters of water, a small amount of alum and 10-15 grains of table salt (rock) are added, after which the resulting mixture is evaporated to one quarter of the volume, filtered through a canvas and gum arabic is added to obtain a thick mass, which is being shaped. Author: Korolev V.A.
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