General information about varnishes and varnishes. simple recipes

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FACTORY TECHNOLOGIES AT HOME - SIMPLE RECIPES
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General information about varnishes and varnishes. Simple recipes and tips

Factory technologies - simple recipes

Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes

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Compositions for varnishing, polishing and surface coating are a solution of various substances in appropriate solvents or various drying oils mixed with mineral paints. When applied to any object, they dry quickly and form a colored or colorless thin layer. These preparations include various varnishes, drying oils, varnishes, deco enamels, etc.

The use of these compounds has the following very important goals:

give a clean beautiful look to the subject;
protect the surface of the object from destructive atmospheric influences;
give the object strength;
facilitate cleaning;
report insulating properties.

All these compositions must have the following qualities:

dry shortly after application to the surface;
the layer after drying should be uniform, hard and shiny everywhere (when using matte varnishes, the surface should be matte);
the surface layer must be elastic and not have any cracks;
the layer must be resistant to atmospheric influences.

Varnishes are solutions of various substances, mainly resins in solvents. Various fatty drying oils (linseed, poppy, wood, walnut, etc.), essential oils, turpentine, alcohol, ether, hydrocarbons, etc. serve as solvents.

If the solvent is volatile, then when the solution is applied to any surface, it evaporates, and the solute remains in the form of a thin film. Examples of such varnishes are alcohol varnishes and zaponovye. The former are a solution of resins in alcohol, the latter are a solution of celluloid or nitrocellulose in an appropriate volatile solvent.

When drying oils are used as a solvent, the entire mass of the applied varnish dries out, forming a hard coating. The drying of a layer of such varnish (oil), which occurs under the influence of atmospheric oxygen and light, causes a deep internal change in the varnish layer: the varnish film becomes strong, elastic and loses its stickiness. Mixed varnishes are also used, in which the solvent is a drying oil and a volatile substance.

The main materials needed for the production of varnishes are the following:

natural resins, of which the most common are: copal, dammar, shellac, sandarac, rosin, amber, benzoin, mastic (mastic), turpentine.

Most of these resins are of exotic origin, and their sources are gradually decreasing. Currently, artificial resins are widely used.

Иartificial resins: bakelite, artificial shellac, resinite, coumarin resin. Rosin processing products (rosin esters, salts of resin acids), etc. are also used.

Coloring resins: "dragon's blood, gummigut, akaroid, etc.

Drying oils: linseed oil, hemp poppy, sunflower, etc.

Volatile solvents: spirit of wine, wood, turpentine, ether, acetone, carbon disulfide, chlorohydrins, gasoline, etc.

Coloring matter: turmeric, soot, aniline, mineral paints, etc. natural and artificial dyes.

Other chemicals: various oxygen compounds of lead and manganese, lead sugar, resinous lead and manganese, linseed lead and manganese, etc., used mainly to increase the drying ability of varnishes.

Oil varnishes are most widely used, which is explained by the strength and variety of their properties. Usually they are used when it is necessary to protect objects from exposure to air, dampness, dust, etc. The best oil varnishes are those made from copal, but amber can also be successfully used. Recently, copal has been replaced with esters of resin acids; finally, asphalt is used for oil varnishes.

It should be noted that the slower the oil varnishes dry, the stronger they are, and their elasticity depends on the amount of oil contained in the varnishes: the more oils, the more elastic they are. The quality of the varnish depends primarily on the type of resin used, as well as on the quantity and quality of the drying oil.

In order to avoid the difficult melting of solid resins, associated with a greater loss of substance and a known flammability (which, moreover, is only possible in a factory setting), various direct solvents are currently successfully used, such as: acetylene tetrachloride, monochlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, chlorohydrin, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, cyclic ketones, etc. Most resins are insoluble in carbon tetrachloride alone. The addition of strong wine alcohol makes them soluble. In addition, carbon tetrachloride has the property of reducing, when mixed with ether, alcohol, benzene, etc., their flammability.

It has been experimentally established that gasoline becomes non-combustible when one part of it is mixed with 9 volume parts of carbon tetrachloride. A mixture of 6 parts by volume of gasoline with 4 parts by volume of carbon tetrachloride ignites at room temperature when a burning match is approached and burns with a highly sooty flame.

A simpler way of making varnishes is the manufacture of turpentine, gasoline and ether or alcohol varnishes, since in this case, either no heat is required to dissolve the resins, or it is required in a small amount. However, varnishes obtained by this method are not very resistant to air, as a result of which they are suitable only for objects located in interior spaces, mainly for furniture, metals, leather, paper, etc. thin transparent coating with a shiny surface.

In the manufacture of good alcohol varnishes, shellac is usually used, which causes a completely transparent varnish film.

Author: Korolev V.A.

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