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FACTORY TECHNOLOGIES AT HOME - SIMPLE RECIPES
Sound soaps. Simple recipes and tips
Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes Here are some recipes sound soap. Soap without rosin In small industries, potassium lye is sometimes used to make soap, which can be obtained by treating the lye obtained by leaching wood ash with water and caustic lime. Below is a method for making soap using potassium lye. Lard (lamb or beef) is placed in a boiler for cooking, potassium lye (at 8 °Be) is added and the fire is lit or steam is released. When the lye and lard are heated, stirring produces a milk-like liquid (emulsion); with further heating, a transparent soap solution mixed with fatty spots appears, and soon the process of saponification begins. The onset of this moment is determined by the yellowish-brown color of the mass, which boils and swells from time to time. The solution taken on a paddle for stirring gives a gelatinous gray-white mass that does not release lye. In this state, the mass contains a large amount of unsaponified fat and is not yet soap. If you start to evaporate it, it will turn into a gray thick mass, soluble only after adding lye. Therefore, more lye is added to the mass quietly boiling in the boiler, and in total they take approximately two-thirds of the total amount of lye at 8 °Be and a third of its amount at 20 °Be. The addition of lye is continued until a thick, homogeneous, light mass appears in the cauldron, flowing from the paddle in the form of long and transparent sticky drops or stretching threads, which means that the soap has boiled (as soap makers say) into glue. By the type of glue, one can judge whether complete saponification has occurred and whether the amount of alkali was taken correctly in relation to fat. If you put a little soapy glue on the glass, then the sample should remain transparent for some time with proper cooking and become cloudy only when it solidifies. If the sample becomes cloudy quickly or a gray edge is immediately obtained, then there is still unsaponified fat in the soap glue, or too much lye has been added, which caused the release of solid soap. These shortcomings can easily be corrected by adding lye or lard. If the glue is transparent, but a sample taken on the tongue gives at least a slight burning sensation, then the glue continues to be boiled until, due to the evaporation of water, it drains in the form of a thread when the oar is removed from the mass. Then they begin to salt out the soap from its solution by means of table salt, and at the same time, in the case of using potassium liquor for saponification, the transformation of potassium soap into sodium soap occurs. Salt is added to the glue gradually, in small portions and with weak boiling of the adhesive solution. Already the first portion of salt causes the glue to turn into a liquid, with the addition of subsequent portions, the soap coagulates, which rises to the surface in the form of a thick mass. In the liquid separated from the soap, in the so-called "settled lye", in addition to the added table salt, potassium chloride obtained by converting potassium soap into sodium soap, as well as glycerin released during saponification, is contained. Salting out must be done very carefully, because if the salt is not added enough, part of the soap remains in the “settled lye”, and if the salt is added too much, the soap is released too quickly, as a result of which small lumps are formed that are difficult to connect with each other and absorb the lye . Properly salted soap should boil in plates and, raised in a hot state by an oar, should linger on it in the form of soft flakes. The lye should flow easily and be transparent; when rubbed between the fingers, it should not feel like an ointment. The taste of the settled liquor should be salty-sweet and not give a sensation of even a slight burning sensation. At the end of salting out and removal of fire or after the cessation of steam, the well-separated liquor is allowed to flow out through the drain cock in the boiler, or the entire contents of the boiler are poured into a cooling vessel, where the mass is allowed to stand quietly until the liquor is completely separated. In the meantime, a very weak lye is poured into an empty cauldron and again the soap carefully separated from the settled lye is placed, which now dissolves in the lye with low heat and turns into a transparent glue. Once again carefully salt out the soap glue thus obtained with a small amount of salt. Then proceed to the next operation, by which excess water is removed from the soap, the last particles of fat are saponified and the soap turns into a solid mass without foam. Soap in this state forms a homogeneous compact mass; this ends the cooking of soap. After removing from the fire or after the steam has ceased, the soap is allowed to stand for several hours to release the settling lye and the soap is poured into molds. In order to cause the marbling that occurs under these conditions, you can mix in a little elutriated bolus (Siena earth), ultramarine, etc. If you want to get a smooth soap, then it is polished with hot water, as a result of which the soap becomes more liquid and the dirt that was in it passes into settled lye. The amount of soap obtained increases somewhat with grinding. From 100 g of fat, 150 kg of unpolished sound soap is obtained, while after grinding the same soap weighs 160 kg. Soap obtained by using potash liquor is more tender and softer than pure soda soaps, since potassium soap is partially resistant to salting out with table salt and therefore turns into heart soap, but it is much more expensive, since potash liquor is more expensive than soda liquor of the same percentage; in addition, the rise in price is also affected by the fact that for saponification of fats it is necessary to take a larger amount of potash liquor than sodium liquor. To saponify 100 kg of fat, you need to spend approximately 19,5 kg of caustic potash or 14 kg of caustic soda. At present (1923) the use of potash liquor is very limited, and it is used mainly in the manufacture of shaving soaps. Instead of a tongue test, it is better to test soap with phenolphthalein. Two or three drops of a solution of phenolphthalein (from 100 cubic cm of alcohol) are added to a sample of soap dissolved in water or alcohol. If all the lye has entered into the combination with fat, the finolfta will not turn red. The appearance of color will indicate the presence of free alkali. Heart soap from fat
The lard is placed in a cauldron and first 35 kg of lye with a strength of 8-10 °Be is added. After the lard combines with the alkali, the next portion of caustic soda is gradually added in an amount of about 35 kg, and it is useful to increase its strength, but not higher than 12-18 ° Be. If it turns out that the addition of the lye was too hasty or the lye was too strong, you need to add a little water or leave the soap alone until the compound appears again. Heating is continued and another 1 kg of lye with a strength of 2-35 °Be is gradually added in portions of 18-20 liters. After each addition of lye, the soap must be brought to a boil. Due attention should be paid to the progress of the work, since complete saponification of the lard depends on this. Cooking usually lasts about 3-4 hours. If the soap glue turns out to be too thick, a solution of 20°Be table salt is carefully added to it. This excessive thickening of soap glue occurs especially quickly when stale lard, which has a lot of free fatty acids, is used for cooking. To verify the completeness of saponification, a sample is taken from the boiler and placed on the glass. When hot, the sample should be transparent and not cloudy or white. The cooled sample should have a known hardness when pressed with a finger, and when tested on the tongue, give a burning taste sensation. If this feeling is not there, more lye should be added. When the mass in the boiler swells and foams, only its upper layers are mixed. The finished soap solution is still boiled for about 15 minutes to get a more homogeneous mass. Then, with a weak boil, they begin to salt out. With proper salting out, the soap should boil in plates; taken on the oar, it should be in the form of soft flakes and at the same time give a feeling of hardness when tested with a finger (pressure test); the lye should be transparent and flow well from the oar, have a salty-sweet taste and not give a burning sensation when tested on the tongue. To salt out soap glue prepared with soda lye, you need to spend less salt than when using potash lye. After salting out the soap, the heating is stopped for a while; soap stops boiling. Then part of the settled liquor is pumped out and the "cooking for the core" is started. To do this, the boiler is covered with boards, the soap is allowed to boil and rise with low heat, as already described in the previous case. Boiling is considered over if large bubbles of foam begin to form quickly and the soap lies in the cauldron in the form of a beautiful dense core. Some soap makers make heart soaps without "boiling per core". In this case, soap glue is boiled until transparent and there is no foam, then, carefully avoiding foam, salted out with salt or a strong solution of salt in water. Heart soaps prepared in this way give a greater yield of soap, but they are very easily soluble and, when dried, when cut into bars, give curvatures. Marbling sound soap from tallow At the end of the "boiling on the core" stop heating and allow the liquor to settle well. Soap is scooped into molds or diluted by adding a small amount of water or weak lye, and care must be taken to ensure that the settled lye does not get into the soap mass. The soap is then stirred a little with an oar, the filled molds are covered with planks and allowed to cool slowly. During cooling, part of the soap crystallizes into a core, and part remains uncrystallized, and in this part all impurities of tallow, lye and paint are collected. Such a soap has a sectional appearance similar to a marble surface, and therefore is called marble. To isolate the marble, the still liquid soapy mass is stained with a bolus elutriated in weak lye, ultramarine and similar paints deposited in the non-crystallized part. For 1 kg of soap, 1 g of paint is enough. To obtain a well-marbled soap, it is best to use not one kind of lard, but a mixture, for example, lard and bone fat, bleached palm oil, palm kernel oil, etc., and the soap must be scooped into molds in a hot state, since otherwise In this case, crystallization causing marbling does not occur. If you want to get a smooth white, unmarbled soap, the hot still liquid soap mass is mixed in the mold without adding paints until a quick hardening occurs. In this way, the soap is not allowed to crystallize and the minor impurities contained in it remain distributed throughout the mass of the soap. The same result is obtained with sufficient grinding of the core in the boiler with water. Grinding the soap with water prevents the formation of marbling, cleans the soap of impurities and increases its yield. Usually, grinding is carried out as follows: after removing the settled liquor from it, a little hot water or weak lye is poured into the core, mixed, and the soap dissolves and becomes liquid. Sound soap with rosin
Warm up lard, rosin and water over low heat. When the mixture blooms, add 1/8 part (about 18 kg) of sodium hydroxide solution. When the combination of fat with caustic soda begins, another 1/8 part of the caustic soda solution is poured. When a test on the tongue or a reaction to phenolphthalein indicates the disappearance of free alkali in the soap, another 1/8 part of the sodium hydroxide solution is added. Thus, all other portions (1/8 each) of the sodium hydroxide solution are added. After the addition of the last portion, the soap should have a slight causticity. If this does not turn out, it is necessary to add a small amount of caustic soda at the end. The kernel is extracted using either dry table salt or a salt solution at 24-25 °Be. Dry salt will require approximately 15-18 kg, while its solution will require approximately 40-60 kg. The settled lye is removed, the core is boiled with an admixture of 15 kg of caustic soda solution in 10 ° Be. Bulk composition (filling) for sound soap
This mixture is heated to 60 °C and poured into the form of sound soap. Heart soap with an admixture of coconut oil
Pour 150 kg of caustic soda into a cauldron at 25 °Be and add lard, palm oil and rosin. The mixture is boiled and when saponification begins to occur, coconut oil is added. After the final saponification, you need to make sure that at the end there is some excess of alkali (established by testing the tongue). Salting out is carried out by adding 60 kg of a solution of table salt in 10 °Be. If the core glue turns out to be too liquid, add a little strong solution of 25 °Be. After standing for some time, the core is separated. To reduce the cost of soap, you can add soluble glass in 38 °Be at the rate of 15 kg per 100 kg of sound soap with an admixture of 3 kg of caustic soda solution in 30 °Be and 2 kg of potash solution in 30 °Be. Author: Korolev V.A.
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