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WONDERS OF NATURE
Vanoise. Nature miracle
The Vanoise National Park of France was created in 1963. It is located in the southeastern part of France (southwest of the Alps) on the border with Italy, in the Savoie department. For 14 km, the border of Vanoise coincides with the border of the Grand Paradise National Park.
The area of the park is 52,8 thousand hectares, the protected zone occupies 145 thousand hectares. Moreover, the actual territory of the park is located on 11 hectares (they are occupied by service buildings). 85 percent of the park is owned by local communities and 15 percent by private individuals. There is no permanent population in the park, only shepherds with their families live here in the summer. The park is located at an altitude of 1250 to 3855 m above sea level (more than a hundred of its mountain peaks rise to a height of 3000 m). The park is characterized by four landscape zones: mountain-forest, subalpine, alpine and nival. Fir forests cover the middle mountains of Vanoise (at an altitude of 1500–1600 m above sea level). Above (up to 2000 m) pine and spruce grow. Forests give way to subalpine and alpine meadows. And then there is a belt where insignificant vegetation covers individual stones. Even higher are eternal snows. More than a thousand species of plants grow in the park. In spring, alpine meadows are covered with colorful crocuses, primroses, anemones. Here you can also find several types of rhododendron and azaleas, edelweiss, alpine aster and lily, Martagon lily, glacial buttercup. Of the ungulates, there are many chamois (about 5000 individuals). But the alpine ibex enjoys special attention of visitors and employees of the park - this park was organized to preserve and reproduce it. Since the organization of the park, the number of this animal has increased from 30 to 600 animals. In the park you can also meet ermine, white hare, marmot, European roe deer, Corsican mouflon, red deer. The avifauna is also rich - more than 100 species of birds. The park is located about 8 hours from Paris and 2 hours from Lyon. Not far from the borders of the park there are three railways connecting this area with major cities of the country. All this makes the park accessible to hundreds of thousands of tourists (700-800 thousand visitors come here every year, 85 percent of which are French residents). Most tourists visit the park in June-September. In winter, most of the park is closed (some parts of it become difficult to access due to deep snow, and there is a risk of avalanches). You can walk or ride a horse in the park. Climbers and skiers go to the mountains. The entire territory of the park is divided into three zones: peripheral, the park itself and the so-called integral nature reserve. Pre-existing settlements have been preserved in the peripheral zone. No one lives permanently on the territory of the park itself, and economic activity is strictly limited there. Several tourist roads and trails with a total length of over 500 km have been laid across the territory of Vanoise. Signposts, information stands with descriptions of plants are installed on the excursion routes, photographs of animals are placed and their characteristics are given. Reference stands do not violate the harmony of nature, as they are made only on natural, widespread material here - stone and almost untreated wood. In Vanoise and its borders there are 30 hotels and shelters (most of them belong to the park, as well as to the French climbing club, private entrepreneurs), which can accommodate 1,5 thousand people at the same time. Hotels and tourist shelters, as a rule, are stylized as the dwellings of the highlanders. Particularly popular are individual houses or entire villages, in which not only the style of local architecture is preserved, but also the way of life and way of life of local residents. Most hotels are open only during the summer, but each has 2-3 rooms designed for tourists at any time of the year. About half of the visitors come to the park for 1-2 weeks, but they cannot spend the night in one place for more than three days, they must make room in the hotel for other tourists. The construction of buildings and recreational facilities, as well as mining and logging are prohibited on the territory of the park. You can not drive around Vanoise and by car. Patrol groups consisting of 30 foresters and 6 foresters protect the territory of the park all year round. Every year, the national parks of France are visited by approximately 5-6 million people (one in 10 inhabitants of the country). The most popular is the Pyrenean Park, located on the way to the religious center (up to 1,5 million visitors visit the park annually). Entrance to the parks is free. Since 1968, regional natural parks have also been created in France. Now they occupy 3 percent of the country's territory (their total area is 1,5 million hectares). They were created to preserve the natural landscape, revive cultural heritage sites, and create recreation areas. Such natural park Armorik was organized in the department of Brittany on an area of 65 thousand hectares. The park is divided into three parts, different in landscape (the eastern part is a plateau overgrown with heather, the central one is a forest, the western part is rocks on the ocean shore). In the central part there are lecture and exhibition halls, residential houses of the staff. In all parts of the park (except for the protected area) there are tourist camps, picnic areas, campsites, and hiking trails. In the park there are centers of Breton culture - lace weaving, woodcarving. Every year the park is visited by 60 thousand people. Author: Yudina N.A.
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