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What was unique about the development of culture in the XNUMXth century? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What was unique about the development of culture in the XNUMXth century? The originality of the spiritual climate of the XNUMXth century. could not affect the development of artistic culture. At the beginning of the century, France set the pace for the development of art. With the coming to power of Napoleon, the leading artistic movement - classicism - was somewhat transformed. He became more conventional and cold. Neoclassicism of the new century is called Empire style, the style of the Empire. This style is monumental in the exterior, exquisitely luxurious in the interior, using ancient Roman architectural forms. During this period, structures were erected designed to inspire the idea of the greatness of Napoleon's power (Vendôme Column, Arc de Triomphe on Place de l'Etoile, etc.). The Empire style is gaining popularity throughout Europe. During this period, the fate of Napoleon himself was also attractive. It served as proof that a person of a new era can achieve everything thanks, first of all, to his personal qualities. D. Byron and G. Heine thought about Napoleon, David and Gro painted him, Beethoven was going to dedicate his third symphony (Eroic) to him. The defeats of Napoleon and the restoration of the Bourbons brought disappointment to the progressive intelligentsia of France in the possible reorganization of society, which the enlighteners of the eighteenth century passionately dreamed of. With the collapse of divine ideals, the foundations of classical art were also destroyed. Based on the awareness of the critical lessons taught by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, a new powerful trend is born in Western European countries - romanticism, which tries to look for the norms of beauty and justice outside the framework of eighteenth-century rationalism. The Romantics absolutized the role of feeling, idolized the imagination, and sought to comprehend the secret of personality through penetration into its inner, spiritual world. The romantics denied the need for an objective reflection of reality; they tended to gravitate toward symbolism and convention. Romanticism manifested itself most clearly in European literature. The greatest representative of English romanticism, the poet D. G. Byron, became the “ruler of thoughts” of his time. A prominent representative of German romanticism was G. Heine. French romanticism was represented by R. Chateaubriand, J. de Staël, A. De Lamantine, V. Hugo, J. Sand and others. The work of the poet Charles Baudelaire was close to romanticism. The great masters of the Romantic era were promoted by the fine arts. French artists T. Gericault, E. Delacroix worked in this genre. In England, the landscape painter D. Constable won the sympathy of the romantics. Music played an important role in the European culture of romanticism. Famous works in the romantic spirit are written by R. Schumann, F. Schubert. In the second half of the nineteenth century. R. Wagner was a prominent representative of romanticism in music. In the second half of the nineteenth century. realism is emerging in European culture as an independent artistic system. The desire for objectification, the disclosure of the essence of social contradictions makes realism the opposite of the romantic direction. The most significant achievements of realism were in prose. Its representatives were A. M. Stendhal, O. Balzac, P. Merimee, G. Flaubert, E. Zola in France, C. Dickens, W. M. Thackeray in England. Brilliant examples of realism were also given by the fine arts, represented primarily in the activities of French artists - T. Rousseau, J. F. Millet, G. Courbet. In the last third of the nineteenth century. after the fall of the Paris Commune, the position of academicism, which demanded the inviolability of certain aesthetic forms, was strengthened in European culture. But this art finds sharp opposition among the European intelligentsia. The most radical reaction to it was Impressionism, which was then replaced by Post-Impressionism. Masters of the new direction have created new artistic techniques to convey a sense of light, to capture the variability of the beauty of the surrounding world. Famous impressionist artists were E. Manet, O. Renoir, E. Degas and others. The discoveries of the Impressionists affected the development of musical art. K. Debussy acted as an innovator in this genre. At the end of the nineteenth century. developed a new genre of culture - cinema, which in the twentieth century. will win the sympathy of the audience. Author: Irina Tkachenko
How did Ernest Rutherford classify the sciences? For most of the 1910th century (from the 1960s to the 1900s), many physicists looked down on their fellow scientists doing research in other areas of the natural sciences. It is said that when the wife of the American theoretical physicist Wolfgang Pauli (1958-XNUMX) left him for a chemist, Pauli simply could not believe it. “I would have understood if she had gone to the bullfighter,” he confessed to a friend. “But to the chemist ...” The great English physicist Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) once said: "All science is either physics or stamp collecting." Fate "avenged" Rutherford for this statement with its sometimes characteristic irony: in 1908 he was awarded the Nobel Prize not in physics, but in chemistry.
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