Eight. Tourist tips

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Eight. Tourist tips

Tourist tips

figure eight knot considered classic. It forms the basis of one and a half dozen other, more complex nodes for various purposes.

Rice. 3. Eight

In the form in which it is shown here, this knot in maritime affairs serves as an excellent stopper at the end of the cable so that the latter does not splash out of the block pulley. Unlike a simple knot, even with strong traction, it does not spoil the cable and can always be easily untied. To tie the figure eight, it is necessary to encircle the running end of the cable around the main one and then pass it into the loop formed, but not immediately, as in a simple knot, but first leading it for yourself.

In everyday life, the figure eight is widely used. First of all, it is very convenient for securing the cable when it passes through a hole in some object, for example, in the wooden handle of an outboard motor rope starter.

This knot can be applied to the rope handles of a wooden pail or bucket if the rope passes through the two holes on the protruding ends of the wooden staves. In this case, after threading the rope through both holes, at its ends, on the outer sides, the rivets are tied in a figure-eight. With two figure eights, you can securely attach the rope to the children's sled. To prevent the hand from slipping off the end of the dog leash, we advise you to tie a figure eight. In addition, it serves well for attaching strings to the tuning pegs of violins, guitars, mandolins, balalaikas and other musical instruments.

Author: Skryagin L.N.

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But it also happens that there can be three or more sexes - much, much more. As, for example, in mushrooms from the genus Trihaptum, in which researchers from the University of Oslo and their colleagues from Spain and the USA counted 17550 sexes. Mushrooms themselves are not so exotic - they are related to tinder fungi and their range is very wide; one of the trihaptums grows on birch trees and is found throughout the country. How come they have so many genders and what does that even mean?

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Basidiomycete fungi, which include Trihaptums, tinder fungi, fly agaric, and ceps, reproduce by spores, which can be somewhat likened to our germ cells: their spores also carry not a double, but a single set of chromosomes. Fungal hyphae germinate from these spores - they also have a single set of chromosomes. At some point, hyphae from one spore meet hyphae from another spore, and that's when they either fuse together or they don't. Only the hyphae of certain different sexes can merge, which, as we said, in Trihaptum not two, but more than 17 thousand.

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It was possible to evaluate the differences between MATA and MATB in different specimens only with the advent of sufficiently cheap and sufficiently accurate methods for reading (sequencing) DNA, which made it possible to very accurately read short sections of DNA in order to then assemble them into a longer final sequence.

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