Orientation in the footsteps of pedestrians. Travel Tips

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Orientation in the footsteps of pedestrians. Travel Tips

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RџSЂRё orienteering in the footsteps of pedestrians it should be remembered that the traces of bare feet determine the approximate height of a person, because. the length of the bare foot of an ordinary person is ~ 1/6 - 1/7 of human height.

For a more accurate determination of growth along the trace of a bare foot, you can use the following calculation. With a trace length of up to 23 cm, multiply this number by 7, with a length of 24 to 27 cm - by 6,5, with a length of 28 cm or more - by 6.

To determine the height on the footprint of a shod foot, it is necessary, before multiplying by the indicated number, to subtract 2 cm from the length of the footprint, if the shoes are chrome, 3 cm - if tarpaulin and barefoot, 4 cm - if felted and 1 cm - if a person is shod in slippers, dude or chuni. For example, the length of the footprint in cowhide shoes is 23 cm. It is necessary to subtract 23 cm from 3 cm and multiply by 7. The resulting number will be the height of the person who owns this footprint (140 cm). The results obtained may vary between 12-15 cm. For example, a person's height is 182 cm, the footprint is 30 cm, the feet are shod, but it is difficult to determine the type of shoes. It is necessary to subtract 30 cm from 2 cm. Multiply the resulting 28 cm by 6 and get 168 cm. Taking into account the amendments, we determine that the height of the past person is 168-183 cm.

The size of the step depends on the height of the person, his age, speed, and the average step length is 0.75m. In the footprints of bare feet, one can find special signs inherent in this person: callus, scar, flat feet, etc.

To correctly read the footprints, you need to know how a normal footprint is formed. When a person walks, he leaves footprints on the ground with his foot; first, he puts emphasis on the heel of the forward leg, then gradually transfers the weight of the mass to the entire leg (the footprint of the sole of the shoe is imprinted on the soil) and, finally, makes a push with the toe, forcing the body to move forward.

If a person is left-handed, then his right step is longer than the left one, and in angle and width it is smaller than the left one. Many people of physical labor as a locksmith, carpenters, carpenters, are characterized by the so-called crosshair.

Knowing the mechanism of the formation of a trace when walking, it is not difficult to establish where a person or a group of people was moving.

The easiest way to determine the direction of human movement is by the following features:

the end of the broken branch (at the place of movement), as a rule, is directed in the direction opposite to the movement;
the greatest depth of the trace is in that part of it that is turned in the direction of movement, since it is with the toe that a person makes a kind of push, moving forward;
ground shift, as a rule, occurs from the front of the track in the direction opposite to the direction of movement;
drops of dirt fall from the shoes in the direction of forward movement, while the sharp ends of the drops are directed in the direction of the person’s movement;
in viscous soil, vertical grooves or scratches are formed on the walls of the track, which are bent by the upper ends in the direction of movement;
traces on frozen or dried mud, hard snow crust are surrounded by cracks, the sharp ends of which are directed in the direction of movement;
separate small lumps of soil are thrown forward, in the direction of movement, and near the tracks on the sand and on the snow, if the foot sinks deep, a small soil roller is formed on the side opposite to the direction of movement;
crushed grass is tilted in the direction of movement, pebbles, clods of soil and other objects also move forward, in the direction of movement;
after crossing puddles and wetlands (areas), wet traces and dirt particles remain on the soil. If a person jumped over ditches and other obstacles, then the traces of a push and a landing are clearly visible. A broken branch of a bush, found nearby, indicates the direction of movement;
when moving with the back of a person backwards, all the signs by which the direction of movement is determined during normal walking will be valid in reverse order. This also applies to the case when a new sole is tied to a shoe or bare foot so that the heels are forward and the toes are back. When moving backwards, the line of movement is usually not straight, but winding, broken, since it is difficult for a person to maintain the direction taken, and he is forced to look around and change the "course" of movement. The length of the steps is somewhat shorter than usual, and the width of the step is greater, because, striving for greater stability, the person spreads his legs wider;
a person puts his feet with his heels inward, toes outward, and the bear is the opposite, so it is difficult to follow the bear trail.

When determining the direction of movement, it is necessary to take into account several signs that complement each other, since individual random signs can be misleading.

When a person is standing, the footprints are more deeply pressed into the heels. When walking, a person consistently leaves a trace of heels, soles and socks, as if rolling from heels to socks. When running, only part of the foot remains, most often the toe.

If a person is not left-handed, then his right step is longer, and the angle and width of the right step is less than the left, and the reverse picture is obtained if the person is left-handed.

The inability of man and animals to keep a straight line in conditions of poor visibility is explained by the asymmetrical structure of the body. A person takes big steps with one foot than with the other foot, a boatman rows with one hand stronger than different development of muscles. Animals have unequal steps, and birds have unequal wing beats that carry them to the side.

People moving forward leave characteristic traces. With a careful study of the traces, you can establish the approximate number of those who passed.

Each of these elements of the mechanism of human movement has its own characteristic features from the point of view of the formation of a trace and the impact on the soil, which are important for determining the direction of movement, the age of the trace left, and obtaining some information about the person himself.

Three parts are distinguished in the footprint of the sole of the shoe: sole (together with the toe of the shoe), intermediate and heel (heel). From a brief description of the mechanism of the formation of a footprint, it can be seen that the imprint of a footprint on the soil will never be the same. The depth of the trace in the toe area will be the greatest, since it is with the toe that a person makes a kind of push, moving the body forward. In the heel area, the footprint depth will also be greater than in the midsection. In this case, the nature of the soil on which the trace is left is of no small importance.

The trail-to-trail movement usually produces double imprints of footprints in the area of the toe or heel footprint, and the footprint is much deeper than usual.

In the footsteps, you can establish not only the direction of a person’s movement, but also some other data about him. Athletes, hunters, military personnel, for the most part, walk with even steps, with an energetic rear push. The elements of gait in these people are stable, obstacles on the way, as a rule, are overcome by them on the move, decisively. If a person carries a load, then for stability he puts his feet wider and parallel to one another, while the step size decreases.

A very tired, sick or injured person drags his feet. "Drag" - the mark left by dragging the heel when setting the foot, is usually longer than the "dragging" - the mark left by the toe when lifting the legs. If a person is wounded, this is inevitably reflected in his tracks, even if there are no drops and blood stains on the ground. The line of movement will, as a rule, be broken, winding, there may be steps to the side, traces of marking time, lying, crawling or sitting, stopping with support on a tree or other object. If a person is lame, then the step length of the diseased (wounded) leg will be noticeably shorter than the step length of the healthy one, and the footprint of the sore foot will be less clear, partial (only the footprint of the toe). A tired or injured person (as well as an elderly person) does not jump over obstacles encountered on the way, but bypasses them, often stopping to rest.

The absence of pronounced signs of a rear shock, a short step indicates a leisurely, cautious gait and, conversely, a strong toe push that leaves a deep mark, and a wide step (85-90 cm) indicates that the person was running.

The footprint of the shoe has the following individual features:

footprint size (overall length, outsole, heel length, outsole, heel and midsole width, outsole thickness, heel height);
the shape of the toe prints (sharp, rectangular, elongated, rectangular wide, round wide), the back edge of the outsole (straight, beveled, concave, curly), the front edge of the heel (straight, concave, convex, curly);
the presence of an imprint of a relief pattern of the sole of the shoe;
the shape, size and location of prints that reflect the structural features of the sole of the shoe (nails, seams, heels, cracks, abrasions).

For example, army-style boots, made to the same standards, it would seem, should leave the same traces. However, if you look closely and take measurements, you can find signs that distinguish one pair of boots of the same size from another. Even more individual features in various styles of civil tailoring shoes.

Each person has his own posture (the usual position of the torso, head, arms). Many habits are also characteristic, imperceptible to the individual himself and practically beyond his desire to hide them, his own characteristic manner of lighting a cigarette, extinguishing a cigarette butt, wrinkling his forehead, frowning his eyebrows, covering his eyes, twisting his mouth, pursing his lips, winking, scratching, performing other automated, unconscious actions. Therefore, it is difficult for any person to hide his true gait, posture, gestures. Experienced trackers (for example, professional taiga hunters) can tell not only about his physique and condition, but also about his character and habits by following the traces of a person and the garbage left by him.

That is why a good knowledge of the nature of the formation of human traces, vehicles and objects used by people is required from a military intelligence officer.

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