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PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
Autogyro-glider. Personal transport
Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air The fuselage of a gyroplane, or, more correctly, the structure on which the pilot's seat, controls, landing gear, main rotor, keel and rudder are located, consists of a longitudinal beam, to which a cross beam and a main rotor pylon are attached. All these details are made of D65T duralumin tube with a diameter of 2x16 mm. The longitudinal beam is connected to the pylon by curly scarves, fastened through bolts with spacer bushings. A transverse beam (“side view”) is attached to the lower flanging of the scarf with stepladders made of bar steel with a diameter of 10 mm. The tubular frame of the pilot's seat ("front view" and "side view") is attached to the front flanging of the same gussets. The fastening of such auxiliary parts as the struts of the main rotor pylon, the pilot's seat, the towing lock pyramids, the suspension of the control stick and the tail roller, is also carried out with bolts and flat scarves made of sheet steel.
The keel and rudder have a frame made of pine slats, covered on both sides with 1 mm thick aircraft plywood. Suspension units are made of sheet steel 2,5 mm thick. The upper strut mount, which simultaneously carries the back of the pilot's seat, is a clamp made of sheet steel 5 mm thick. The pyramid of attachment of the towing lock and the instrument panel is made of an isosceles angle (25x3 mm) of D16T grade duralumin. The towing lock is similar in design to those used on light training gliders and is made of sheet steel grade St 20 3 mm thick, the hook of the lock is made of sheet steel 5 mm thick. The fuselage is assembled in the following sequence: by connecting the longitudinal beam, on which all auxiliary parts are mounted, with the main rotor pylon with scarves, a transverse beam is installed. The axle shafts of the wheels and the lower attachment points of the struts should already be mounted on it. Then, with the help of struts, the pylon is adjusted strictly perpendicular to the transverse beam and in this position is fixed with lock nuts. The correct fit is checked by pulling a steel wire between the extreme points of the structure. After that, having installed the resulting crosspiece on a flat area and fixed it motionless, they mount the pilot's seat, the towing lock mounting pyramid, the tail unit and the landing gear wheels. Lastly, the main screw pre-assembled on the hub is mounted.
Structural parts made of steel must be coated to protect against corrosion, first with AG10 or 138 primer, then with light-colored nitro paints. Small parts (kerchiefs, bolts) should preferably be galvanized or cadmium-plated. Tail parts are primed and painted according to the usual technology. Сontrols An autogyro in flight, like an airplane, has the ability to move and be controlled about three spatial axes: vertical, longitudinal and transverse. The deviation of the control stick of the gyroplane entails an inclination of the plane of rotation of the main rotor, due to which the necessary pitch or roll moment is created. The gyroplane's directional control, like that of an aircraft, is carried out by a rudder mounted on a keel in the rear fuselage. The movement of the stick and pedals on a gyroplane corresponds to the established practice of flying in an airplane, which is based on the instinctive movements of a person to maintain balance. We present the main general requirements for the gyroplane control mechanism point by point - for the convenience of pre-flight checks. This: 1. Sufficient rigidity of control. 2. Minimum control delay due to friction, backlash and deformation. It should not exceed the value determined by the speed of human reaction (1/7 sec.). 3. Moderate effort on the handle and pedals. When they deviate from the neutral position, it is desirable that the forces on them increase smoothly and be directed in the direction opposite to the deviation (the so-called positive force gradient on the handle). 4. Absence of vibrations. There should be no "driving" handles and "jerking" pedals. 5. Vitality and strength. Rotating parts - bearings, ball joints and pins - must have the required durability. 6. Independence of the action of longitudinal, transverse and directional control. So, for example, the deviation of the handle in the longitudinal direction should not cause a roll. 7. The absence of jamming in the wiring and control mechanisms in case of deformations of the fuselage and other parts of the gyroplane, along which the control wiring goes. 8. The presence of limiters of longitudinal deviations of the handle and pedals, which must be placed directly on them. 9. Margin of deflection angles of control mechanisms (slightly larger than required by calculation or experimental data). 10. The presence of lubrication and protection of hinges and rubbing parts from dust and moisture in the control joints. 11. Ease of inspection, installation and dismantling of control units. The autogyro control mechanism (Fig. 1) consists of a control stick 2, a lower support 10, a lower fork 8, two rods 4, an upper fork 7 and an upper support 12. The handle is fixed on the longitudinal beam-fuselage 1 with a bolt, relative to which it can oscillate in the longitudinal plane. The movement of the handle in the transverse plane is transmitted to the fork through a shaft mounted on bronze bushings in the body of the lower support. On the shaft, the handle and the lower fork are fastened with M6 bolts, from the side of the fork (if necessary), shims are placed on the shaft to eliminate axial play. From the lower fork, the force is transmitted to the upper by means of two rods, at the ends of which there are eye bolts with ball bearings. The upper fork is fixed on the main rotor axis, which, in turn, is pivotally mounted on the upper support shaft. Thus, the movement of the control stick in any direction will entail a deviation of the axis of the main rotor in the same direction. The most critical parts in the control mechanism are the forks (Fig. 2 and 3) and their tips (Fig. 4). Therefore, in their manufacture, special attention must be paid to the quality of processing parts. Welding seams should be smooth, without shells and slag inclusions. Feathers of forks after bending should not have cracks, folds and burns. To detect cracks and lack of penetration, it is best, if possible, to take an x-ray of the parts, or at least after heat treatment and cleaning them with sand, carry out magnetic testing. It is desirable to weld the plugs in specially made stocks by electric arc welding. This ensures that the geometry of the part corresponds to the drawing and eliminates the difficult and responsible operation of editing. Immediately after welding, the plugs must be heat treated according to the drawings. After heat treatment and sandblasting, the central sleeves are processed by reamers according to the internal size up to a diameter of 24 and the ends of the forks up to a diameter of 18 for the installation of tips.
The tips of the forks are machined according to the drawing (Fig. 4), but an allowance of 10-2 mm is left on the diameters of 18P1,5a and 2. In this form, they are subjected to heat treatment, and then the seats are machined to the desired size. In this case, special attention should be paid to the quality of processing of the radii of conjugations and the threaded groove indicated in the drawing. When assembling by fitting the mating parts and installing (where required) shims, it is necessary to achieve a clear operation of the entire control mechanism without jamming and backlash. All nuts must be locked with cotter pins, lock washers or centered according to the drawing (Fig. 1). The gyroplane directional control, as mentioned above, is carried out by the rudder. The directional control mechanism does not present any structural or technological difficulties, and its structure and operation can be easily understood from the drawing of the general view of the gyroplane. The dimensions of the keel and rudder can be removed from the same drawing, increasing them in accordance with the scale. The tail of a gyroplane is easy to make by cutting parts out of a 10mm thick plywood sheet. In this case, braces made of OBC wire with a diameter of 1,2 - 1,5 mm will have to be placed on the keel. The other ends of the braces through the turnbuckles M3 are attached to the transverse beam at the junction of the struts. The disadvantage of the plywood design of the plumage is a slightly greater weight than that of the plumage made from a set of ribs with sheathing of millimeter plywood. The advantage is simplicity. To ensure controllability of the gyroplane relative to its longitudinal axis, the rudder deflection must be 25° to the right and left of the neutral position. To ensure controllability in pitch and roll, the deviation of the axis of the main rotor of the gyroplane must be 12 ° in any direction from the neutral position. Author: Yu.Rysyuk
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