Muscle. Drawing, description

PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
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Muscle. Personal transport

Personal transport: land, water, air

Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air

Flying like a bird, with the strength of your muscles, is very tempting; many of our ancestors dreamed about it. Already in the XNUMXth century, when flights in the modern sense could not even be dreamed of, such a device was designed by Leonardo da Vinci. Unfortunately, he was unable to realize his ideas. And only today, five centuries later, people have achieved the first significant success.

To stimulate the efforts of designers in the creation of such aircraft, the English millionaire Henry Kremer in 1959 established a prize of 5 thousand pounds sterling to the first one to fly, using only his own muscle strength, a distance in the form of a figure eight one mile long (1609 m). An additional condition was that the competition flight must begin and end at a height of 10 feet (3,05 m). No one was able to fly under such conditions, and in 1973 the award was increased to 50 thousand pounds sterling.

On August 23, 1977, such an official flight was made at an airfield in California. At 7:30, when the wind subsided, pilot Brian Allen began the flight. The craft, called the Gossamer Condor, took off slowly. The test flight lasted 6 min 22,5 s. The entire flight lasted 1 min 5 s longer: this time was required for climbing and landing.

The first official, but unsuccessful attempts to pass this distance in England were made on November 9, 1961 on the Sampak apparatus. A week later, an attempt was made on another Puffin I apparatus. At the end of 1962, Derek Piggot crossed 20 m on the Sampac and made an 80 ° turn. Here it should be noted that it was the turns that were the most difficult elements of the flight on such devices. Subsequently, the British created the Dumbo devices with a span of 36,6 m, the Jupiter and the double Toukan.

These experiments gave impetus to the work of other non-powered flight enthusiasts. In Austria, Josef Malliga flew in 1967 on a relatively small apparatus of 70 m. In Japan, Professor Kimura dealt with these problems. Under his leadership, ten types of aircraft were created. The first was "Linnet I". On it in March 1966 made a 15-meter flight. The Stork type turned out to be the most successful, on which in 1976 they flew 2094 m in a straight line. Until 1976, nothing serious was done in the USA in this direction, except for short jumps on the Olympian apparatus.

Technical data of successful muscle cars are given in the table. It can be seen that the designer of the apparatus "Gossamer Condor" chose a different path than his predecessors.

Basic technical data of muscle cars

(click to enlarge)

The aviation biography of Dr. Paul McCready is very rich. Champion and world record holder in gliding, he did a lot of hang gliding and was even fond of indoor flying models. Obviously, the last two types of sports helped him in the design of the aircraft: there is much in common between indoor models and P. McCready's muscle car. Room models of it are very light with a fairly significant size.

P. McCready began to create a muscle car in 1976. In solving aerodynamic issues, he collaborated with Professor Lissaman, who helped to calculate the profile of the wing and propeller blades. In the future, he was assisted by Lambi, a famous hang glider, famous for building a copy of the old aircraft of the Wright brothers (1903) and flying on it. In September 1976, the first Gossamer Gall was ready. Its wingspan was 24,7 m and weight 22,7 kg, December 26 on it. the 17-year-old son of the designer Porter took off - he stayed in the air for 40 s.

In February 1977, 24-year-old Brian Allen, who was engaged in cycling and hang gliding, was accepted into the creative team. Ergonomic measurements have shown that a trained rider can develop power up to 1,1 kW, reducing it after 60 seconds to 0,52 kW. Allen was able to develop a power of 7 kW for 0,33 minutes (estimated flight duration).

The new apparatus "Gossamer Condor" required only 0,26 kW for horizontal flight. This meant that the pilot did not have to pedal as hard as he could during the entire flight, and could save energy to make turns (turns are associated with a loss of altitude due to the huge wingspan).

Musculolet "Gossamer Condor" (click to enlarge)

The construction of the Gossamer Condor lasted two months. The flight speed of the device is low - only 18-20 km / h, so you can fly it only in very light wind, not high above the ground, using the effect of near-screen flight.

By this time, G. Kremer had established a prize for the first Englishman who could repeat the achievement of the Americans, and a reward of 100 pounds for the one who was the first to fly across the English Channel in a muscle plane.

Technical description

The Gossamer Condor is a single-seat canard-type upper plan (stabilizer ahead of the wings). The powerful keel is also the cockpit. The drive mechanism is located in the same plane with the seat. It rotates the pusher propeller Ø 3650 mm. Control relative to the transverse axis is performed by the elevator on the stabilizer. Turns are made by tilting the latter, control relative to the longitudinal axis - by deflecting the wingtips (similar to the ailerons) using two levers.

The wing is non-separable. The main spar is a duralumin tube Ø 50,8 mm with a variable wall thickness of 0,56-0,33 mm. The spar is located on the underside of the profile. Ribs made of duralumin tubes Ø 6 mm. Balsa half ribs. The front part of the wing is covered with corrugated cardboard, the rest - with transparent lavsan (top thickness 0,005 mm, bottom 0,0025 mm). The whole structure is braced with steel wire Ø 0,6-0,9 mm. 1

The design of the stabilizer is similar, although its front part is made of expanded polystyrene. The stabilizer is attached to a duralumin tube Ø 50,8 mm.

The front part of the keel is made of foamed polystyrene. For landing under it, two wheels Ø 125 mm are installed. Wingspan 29,3 m, vehicle length 9,14 m, height 5,48 m, stabilizer area 8,92 m2, total area 75,8 m2. Propeller speed 115-120 rpm.

Author: A.Lepp

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