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Chemical power sources

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Electronic devices that operate autonomously have a built-in power source of one type or another. Consider chemical current sources (CSS) of various systems.

To power household and amateur radio equipment, manganese-zinc cells and batteries with various electrolytes (salt, chloride or alkaline) and air depolarization are most often used. Mercury-zinc, silver-zinc and lithium HITs are also widely used.

Structurally, HIT usually has the shape of a cylinder (a small cylinder is called a "button"). On the recommendation of the IEC, such HITs are designated as:

• one letter defining the electrochemical system (L - alkaline, S - silver-zinc, M or N - mercury-zinc, etc.);
• the letter R (from the English Ring - a circle), speaking about the shape of the element;
• a number from 03 to 600 that conditionally determines the size of the element.

When applying the HIT of a particular system, one should, of course, know its capabilities, operation features, etc.

Manganese-zinc cells and batteries. Electrochemical system: zinc - manganese dioxide - electrode.

These are, first of all, the well-known cells and batteries Leklanshe (carbon-zinc), with saline electrolyte (aqueous solution of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride). They can be operated at temperatures from -5 to +50°C. They have a noticeable self-discharge and insufficiently good tightness. Cheap.

Another type is coal-zinc HIT with an aqueous solution of zinc chloride. The energy performance of these sources is approximately 1,5 times higher than that of cells and batteries of the previous group. They can be operated at temperatures from -15 to +70°C. They have lower self-discharge and better tightness. Allow more discharge current.

Alkaline cells and batteries. The electrochemical system is similar to the electrochemical system of manganese-zinc cells, but alkali is used as an electrolyte in the form of an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide. An alkaline element can be recharged up to 10...15 times, but its repeated return will not exceed 35% of the initial one. Elements that have retained their tightness and have a voltage of at least 1,1 V are suitable for recharging. Alkaline HIT can be operated at temperatures from -25 to +55 ° С. Allow significant discharge currents.

Cells and batteries with air depolarization. Electrochemical system: zinc - air - potassium hydroxide. Manganese hydroxide MnOOH is oxidized by atmospheric oxygen to MnO2. To supply and retain O2, special cathode designs and materials are used (the element is activated only after the plug is removed, allowing air to enter). HIT with air depolarization can operate at temperatures from -15 to +50°C. They have high energy performance. Can be recommended for significant impulse loads.

Mercury-zinc cells and batteries. Electrochemical system: zinc - mercury oxide - sodium hydroxide. Current sources have high energy performance. Operable only at positive temperatures (0...+50°С). At low discharge currents and a stable temperature, the voltage on the element remains almost unchanged. Virtually no outgassing. Due to the presence of mercury, they are environmentally harmful and are not recommended for use.

Silver-zinc cells and batteries. Electrochemical system: zinc - monovalent silver - potassium or sodium hydroxide. The sources have a low self-discharge, good energy characteristics and an almost constant voltage during operation (at a constant temperature). Temperature range - 0...+55°C

Lithium cells and batteries with organic electrolyte. This includes more than ten electrochemical systems. The voltage per element is from 1,5 to 3,6 V. The energy indicators are higher than those of mercury and silver-zinc elements: by weight - by 3 times, by volume - by 1,5 ... 2 times. Lithium sources have exceptionally low self-discharge (retain more than 85% capacity after 10 years of storage). They are sealed and have a fairly stable voltage. In micropower devices, where contact reliability is important, lithium sources with solder pins are used.

Table 1 shows the data of alkaline cells and batteries according to IEC and GOST, TU ([11], pp. 36, 37).

Table 2 shows the data of silver-zinc cells and batteries according to IEC and GOST ([11], pp. 38, 39).

Table 3 shows the data of Leclanche cells and batteries according to international (IEC) and state (GOST, TU) standards ([11], pp. 34, 35).

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4 shows the data of mercury-zinc cells and batteries according to IEC and GOST ([11], pp. 39-41)..

Table 5 shows the data of lithium cells.

Table 4

Table 5

Note: Sanyo produces oval lithium cells CR 736-2 (voltage 3V, capacity - 70 mAh, dimensions 15,7x7,8x3,6 mm) for batteries of the "Krona" type ([II], p. 42-44)

Some features of foreign-made cells and batteries, their primary purpose can be judged by the inscriptions made on them ([II], pp. 79, 80):

• Alkaline - cell (battery) with alkaline electrolyte
• Camera - for photo-cinema equipment
• Cigarette Lighter - for pocket lighter
• Communication Device - for communications
• Fishing Float - for float
• Game - for electronic toys
• Hearing Aid - for hearing aid
• Lighter - to the lighter
• Lithium - lithium cell (battery)
• Marganese-Zinc - manganese-zinc element (battery)
• Measuring Equipment - for measuring instruments
• Medical Instrument - for medical devices
• Mercuric Oxide - mercury-zinc cell (battery)
• Microphone - for microphone
• Mini Radios - for miniature radio
• Nickel-Zinc- nickel-zinc element (battery)
• Photographic Light Meter - for photo exposure meter
• Pocket Bell - for pocket alarm clock
• Silver Oxide - silver-zinc element (battery) Standart - universal element (battery) Watch - for Wristwatch watches - for wristwatches

Publication: radioman.ru

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