Workplace of a radio electronics engineer. Tips for a beginner radio amateur

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Workplace of a radio electronics engineer. HAM Tips

HAM Tips

Not everyone can afford a workshop, a good workshop, and especially a set of tools, have been created for years. Moreover, when skill comes, purchased tools no longer meet our requirements, we have to make tools with our own hands, but for this you need to have not only a workplace, but also the appropriate equipment.

But on the other hand, you will already receive pleasure from your work incomparable with the previous one. In addition, you must keep in mind that your workshop is needed not only for working with electronic devices and your designs, but also for general household work. Modern apartments, as a rule, do not leave us the opportunity to equip our workplace in a separate room, so you can use any free corner. The folding plate with a mirror masks the corner well and justifies its existence even when closed.

To equip the corner, you will need two plywood boards 250x173 cm 19 mm thick and 82,5x62 cm 4 mm thick; two planks 1x1 cm, 2,15 m long, two rectangular planks 2x1 cm, 2,15 mm long, as well as piano hinges 2,4 m long, magnetic latch, screws, sandpaper, wood putty, primer, wallpaper and carpentry adhesives, mirror 71,5x53,5 cm, wallpaper and border. Of the tools and appliances you need to have: a drill, hacksaws for wood and metal, a saw for cutting slots, a drill, a ruler, a square, a plumb line, a pencil, a spatula, a brush. Fixing the shelves to the wall, planning the corner and the lower cabinet is a matter of your imagination and skill. You can also refuse the upper cabinet (the doors of which can be pasted over with wallpaper of the room).

To place the tool, you can use bars with permanent magnets or a homemade set of magnetic door latches.

Almost every house has niches in which such a workshop can be placed. The power supply panel provides regulated voltage direct (rectified) and alternating 0-250 V (LATR), as well as power for the soldering iron and any necessary DC voltage to power any structure. Be sure to provide for local lighting, preferably with a fluorescent lamp on the bracket, and for people with impaired or visual impairments and with a large magnifying glass, also mounted on the bracket.

Bolts, nuts, various trifles, fasteners are stored in plastic jars that are screwed into their lids fixed on the bottom surface of the upper shelf. The cabinets above and below contain spare parts, an electric drill (small drilling machine), LATR, various files, a jigsaw, a small hand drill, various containers with varnishes, adhesives, solvents and ferric chloride. Allocate a special place for measuring instruments, separately place a small vise with an anvil, large vise, etc.

Equip a special field covered with asbestos on the surface of the table - for working with a soldering iron, acids and solvents. For especially small parts of the same purpose, fit plastic boxes for cacti, glued (fastened) into a typesetting cash desk. For medium-sized parts, rectangular sour cream boxes are well suited, which have very comfortable sides that fit well into specially cut grooves. Chips, in addition to standard plastic boxes, are conveniently stored in foam sheets enclosed in a shoe box. So, all the basic advice is given, everything else is a matter of your imagination, skill and skill.

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We remind you once again: a soldering iron is a tool of increased danger, so it must be handled very carefully. The soldering process is the diffusion of one substance (metal) into another at a high temperature, which provides mechanical strength and high electrical conductivity of the joint after solder hardening. One of the metals is the conductor, the second is the solder.

Solders are different: soft and hard, i.e. fusible and refractory. The former include solders with a melting point of up to 400°C, which have a relatively low mechanical strength (tensile strength up to 7 kg/mm 2 ). Refractory solders include solders with a melting point above 500°C, which create high mechanical strength of the joint (tensile strength up to 50 kg/mm 2 ). The disadvantage of such solders is that they require a high heating temperature, and although the strength of such soldering is very high, intense heating can lead to very undesirable consequences: you can overheat an expensive part and disable it (for example, a transistor or microcircuit) or “let go”, for example, a steel part (spring). In radio electronics, soft solders are most often used, in particular POS-61 solder, which contains 61% lead, 38% tin and 1% various additives. Heated metals actively enter into an oxidation reaction with atmospheric oxygen, so the heated metal must be protected with something.

In addition, there are fluxes that do not require preliminary tinning of parts, but they are rarely used in electronics and only in cases where electrical contact is not required after soldering, because even the smallest residues of such a flux can cause oxidation of parts and disruption of electrical contact (breaking the electrical circuit ). Therefore, during the installation of electronic equipment, as a rule, fluxes are used that protect the metal from oxidation (the formation of an oxide film with high electrical resistance).

This role when soldering in electronics is performed either by rosin or a solution of rosin in alcohol. Such a flux is called neutral, because it does not contain any acids or alkalis in its composition. In addition, the flux increases the fluidity of the molten solder, as a result of which, after the soldering point has cooled, a strong connection is obtained.

Strong soldering with a smooth surface of the solidified solder can be obtained by applying a liquid flux prepared from 20 g of pure powdered rosin, dissolved in 35-40 g of pure alcohol, turpentine or acetone. It has been practically established that with the indicated proportion of the constituent parts, the flux during soldering does not give outbreaks of solvent vapors. This flux must be stored in a vial with a ground stopper. For liquid flux, it is not recommended to use rosin intended for rubbing a violin bow, otherwise the soldering may be contaminated with foreign impurities. As a flux when soldering electronic circuits, in case of emergency, you can also use pine or spruce tar.

You can speed up the soldering process and improve the quality of the joints by using glycerin paste instead of rosin. With the help of paste, you can solder parts from a wide variety of metals and alloys, even without preliminary stripping and tinning, which is especially convenient in hard-to-reach places. Glycerin paste is easy to make yourself. Its composition is as follows: 48% spindle oil, 12% beeswax, 15% light rosin, 15% glycerin, 10% saturated aqueous zinc chloride solution. When making glycerin paste, it must be heated all the time. First, the rosin is melted, then spindle oil, wax, glycerin and, lastly, zinc chloride are added.

There is another flux recipe that is suitable for soldering without prior tinning. This flux can be used for soldering most of the metals and alloys encountered in radio amateur practice: copper, brass, bronze, iron, various steels, including stainless steel, zinc, tinplate, nichrome, constantan, manganin, nickel, especially quartz leads with thorough washing water and alcohol, etc.

A very strong connection is obtained when soldering nickel and wires from high resistance alloys, which cannot be soldered using conventional fluxes. When soldering with this flux, pre-tinning of the conductors or the part is not required. The flux consists of 73 ml of alcohol (rectified or raw), 20 g of rosin, 5 g of aniline hydrochloride, 2 g of triethanolamine. Triethanolamine can be replaced with 20 drops of ammonia solution (ammonia). Rosin is dissolved in 50 ml of alcohol, and aniline hydrochloride is dissolved in the remaining 23 ml of alcohol. Both solutions are mixed and triethanolamine is added.

Flux in the form of a paste, which is an alloy of rosin with monobasic fatty acids, can be made according to the following recipe: stearic acid 30 g, palmitic acid -25 g, oleic acid -45 g, rosin -100 g.

These components should be fused in a glass flask (water bath) at a temperature of 100 ° C, and the contents of the flask must be mixed well. This process can also be carried out in any clean dish and over an open fire; in this case, it is only necessary to adhere to the specified temperature regime. After cooling, the flux turns into a thick ointment. The density of the flux depends on the amount of rosin. The flux is applied to the place of soldering with a stick in a very small amount.

The high activity of the flux, compiled according to this recipe, makes it possible to carry out soldering without prior tinning. With this flux, you can solder licendrate (a set of very thin wires, with a diameter of about 0,01 mm), vitrified resistor leads and wires in enamel insulation, even without very thorough stripping.

Author: A.F. Bubnov

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