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CHILDREN'S SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY
Perpetual motion machine on permafrost. Children's Science Lab
Directory / Children's Science Lab The plane flies over the taiga. From a ten-kilometer height, the channels of rivers, streams and streams that cut through the forest are clearly visible. We fly for an hour or two - and all this is Yakutia, spacious and rich: in gold, furs, diamonds. And also ... frost! After all, if you think about it, cold can also be wealth. However, this idea does not belong to me, but to the person I flew to Yakutsk to meet. ... Lev Ivanovich Faiko met me at the airport. He is a glaciologist, studying natural ice, its structure, origin, and physical properties. Fayko did not immediately come to his rare profession. As a boy, he was fond of sports aviation, flew homemade sports gliders; was a professional photographer - TASS correspondent, traveled all over Yakutia on reindeer with a camera in his hands. And yet - he invented: an improved design of a collapsible Yakut yurt, an economical stove-samovar for reindeer herders and geologists, which at the same time generates electricity to power a radio or walkie-talkie ... On a pump he made that pumped water from Lena and supplied it to a high bank , from afar, the surrounding residents came to see: is it really a perpetual motion machine? The pump did not require energy, it was set in motion by the flow of water. Lev Ivanovich managed a lot in his life: he fought in the Great Patriotic War, graduated from the institute, became a candidate of geographical sciences ... Only a person with diverse interests and knowledge can see what others look at and do not see. Well, who was puzzled by non-freezing lakes on permafrost? And he was surprised, thoughtful and felt that this little secret of nature hides unprecedented opportunities for ... energy! It all started with the search for an answer to a simple everyday question: why does ice on lakes in Yakutia freeze over in winter for 210 days, and melt in just 30 spring days? You might say: what's wrong with that? Let's think together. Permafrost fetters the land of Yakutia to a depth of 1500 meters and is not going to melt. But the reservoirs do not behave according to the rules. For example, the average annual air temperature in the polar regions is minus 19 ° C, and water is about zero. There are, of course, days with positive air temperature, but on average for the year it is negative. However, the Arctic Ocean, despite its name, does not freeze deeper and deeper every year. Excess ice regularly melts due to the heat of the outside air. Air, on average, colder than the ice itself ... But this contradicts the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which is based on the postulate of Clausius: HEAT CANNOT TRANSFER BY ITSELF FROM A LESS HOT BODY TO A HOTER BODY. Back in the XNUMXth century, Rudolf Clausius formulated this indisputable worldly truth, on which the harmonious building of modern science now rests. Who would think of heating water in a kettle on a piece of ice. The futility of the idea is clear to everyone. But here's the catch. Although we think of ice as cold, it contains quite a lot of energy. After all, compared to absolute zero, it is 273 ° C hotter! Each of its molecules has energy and constantly exchanges it with other molecules. So why don't the ice molecules give some of their energy to the water in the kettle? Let the ice cool even more and the water warm up! In a word, experience is experience, but Clausius's postulate has no theoretical proof! And at one time, the brilliant English physicist Maxwell jokingly came up with a sort of "demon" that sorted molecules - "hot", at high speeds, sent in one direction, "cold" in the other. And such a "demon" would definitely make the kettle boil on ice! The lack of proof of Clausius' postulate provided a loophole for many inventors obsessed with the idea of creating a perpetual motion machine of the second kind - a device that would extract energy from the chaotic movement of the molecules of the environment without any costs. But the fact of the matter is that useful energy can only be obtained from a difference in temperature or pressure, heights ... Work is not done by heat itself, but only by the difference between heat and cold. The internal combustion engine works because the pressure difference inside the cylinder and outside pushes the piston. An electric light bulb lights up when a potential difference is applied to it. In hydroelectric power plants, it is not the height of the water above sea level that does the work, but the difference in levels at the top and bottom of the dam. So a perpetual motion machine is impossible. It's a pity. Now, if there really was something like Maxwell's demon... Do you remember how you, as first-graders, rushed down the corridor during the break? Energy - more than enough! Something like the chaotic thermal motion of molecules. The director, probably, grumbled: "Your energy would turn the dynamo machine!" And what? The role of Maxwell's demon could be played by a turnstile revolving in the doors, similar to those that are placed in stores. The bell rang for a break - and the first-graders, running out of the classroom, would rotate the turnstile. And it is connected to a dynamo - that's useful work done! So, Faiko, thinking about the strange behavior of freezing natural reservoirs, found in them a similar "turnstile" forbidden by classical physics. Such a one-way thermal valve in nature is ordinary floating ice! The amount of heat received during the melting of ice on the lake during the short Yakut spring and the heat given off during the long cold winter are exactly the same. But the fact is that freezing of water occurs on the lower surface of the ice, and melting occurs on the upper. And when water freezes, it means that it gives off heat. And it is difficult for this heat to escape through the ice layer, since its thermal conductivity is low. The heat leaves the winter reservoir very slowly, and the freezing of the ice cover proceeds just as slowly. But in the spring - a completely different matter. Under the sun's rays, the top layer of ice quickly melts, and the melt water, which has assimilated the so-called heat of fusion, carries it into the reservoir. In this way, the heat lost during the long winter returns very quickly to the water. And the reverse process goes tens and hundreds of times faster. It turns out that ice transfers heat unequally in two directions: from top to bottom - much faster than from bottom to top. He is the same "demon" that skillfully creates a temperature difference. And it turns out that heat, as it were, passes from a colder body to a hotter one. But what about Clausius' postulate? So, it is not so true and a perpetual motion machine is possible? The Scientific Council, to which Faiko reported his discovery, at first accused him of encroaching on the foundations of thermodynamics. But Lev Ivanovich saved Clausius' authority: the heat transfer forbidden by the postulate does not occur by itself, but with the help of the earth's gravity and solar energy. This gravity causes ice that is less dense than water to float. (By the way, why is it less dense when all other substances shrink during cooling? There is still no satisfactory explanation.) And then a volume is released where melt water can flow. But this is impossible in the layers of the earth - and here you have a thousand-meter permafrost! Now let's turn to the earth's energy. Not finding natural processes in nature that would create the temperature, pressure, and height differences necessary for energy, people began to create them themselves: burning forests, digging the earth in search of fossil fuels, building huge reservoirs and dams on rivers, invading the unsafe world of the atom. .. - Yes, here's a free non-linear natural process that can be an eternal source of energy! - says a scientist from Yakutia. Freezing natural reservoirs provide temperature drops that are easy to turn into work. And even greater reserves of heat are hidden in the phase transformations of water. Fico calculated that the latent heat released when water freezes is equal to the energy that can be obtained by dropping the same amount of water from a two-kilometer dam. So is it worth it to build dams when you can successfully and inexpensively use huge reserves of heat that are wasted in vain? It has long been planned to build in Yakutia the largest Nizhne-Lenskaya hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 22 million kilowatts. But according to Faiko's calculations, only from the surface of its reservoir, when freezing, you can get 400 times more energy. So much of it is produced now all over the world! However, reservoirs are not needed for this either: the area of natural freezing reservoirs can cover the needs of mankind by 1000 times! And the ecology of our planet will only benefit from this. It remains to figure out how to extract this energy. But modern technology is already ready for this. Let's remember the heat pump - the compressor refrigerator "on the contrary". The liquid boiling in the evaporator at a temperature of about zero turns into steam, enters the compressor under pressure, pushes the pistons and does work ... Thus, the anomalous properties of water offer us an invaluable, environmentally friendly and inexhaustible source of energy. A very strange, wrong substance, this ordinary water! Author: N.Konoplev
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