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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Sweet potato. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) Family: Bindweeds (Convolvulaceae) Origin: The homeland of sweet potato is Central and South America, where it was grown before the arrival of Europeans. Now sweet potato is cultivated in many countries of the world. Area: The sweet potato is cultivated in the tropics and subtropics around the world, especially in Asia, Africa and South America. Chemical composition: Sweet potatoes contain many nutrients, including starch, beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, potassium, magnesium, folic acid, and others. The roots and leaves of sweet potatoes are used for food and for the production of starch and sugar. Economic value: Sweet potato is an important food crop. Its roots and leaves are edible, used in the confectionery industry for the production of sugar and starch, as well as in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The sweet potato is also used as feed for livestock and poultry. It is also a good source of animal feed as it is high in starch and other nutrients. Legends, myths, symbolism: In some cultures, sweet potatoes are considered a symbol of abundance and fertility, as they grow quickly and produce a bountiful harvest. In addition to this, sweet potato is considered a longevity food in some regions, such as Japan.
Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas. Description, illustrations of the plant Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Classification, synonyms, botanical description, nutritional value, cultivation
Synonyms: Convolvulus Batatas L., C. edulis Thunb., Batatas edulis (Thunb.) Choisy., sweet potato. Names: fr. patate douce, batate, artichaut des Indes, Truffe douce; English sweet potatoes; Amer. Spanish potato, Carolina P.; German Siisse Batata; Swede, stot-batat; it. batata; Spanish and port, batata; Polish wilec pnacy; Japanese satsuma imo. Sweet potato is a perennial plant with creeping stems reaching 5 m in height (or length). At the nodes, the stems easily take on additional roots. Leaves are long-petioled, broadly ovate or almost round, broadly heart-shaped at the base, entire, more or less lobed or 3-5-7-partite, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Peduncles axillary, slightly longer than or equal to petioles, with one or more flowers. Sepals oblong or oblong-ovate, 7-12 mm long, glabrous or hairy; corolla campanulate or tubular-campanulate, about 3-4 cm long, pale violet. Capsule ovoid, usually four-leaved; ovary bilocular. Cross pollination (2n = 180). The lateral roots of sweet potatoes can thicken greatly due to the presence of several layers of cambium. The color of the pulp is white, pink or red. The shape and size of the tubers vary by cultivar and, of course, depend on the growing conditions. In some cases, tubers reach gigantic sizes (up to 25 kg). According to the consistency of the pulp of tubers, two groups of sweet potatoes are distinguished: juicy meaty and dry meaty. Sweet potatoes are propagated by seeds and cuttings. For abundant flowering, a shortened day is needed. Sweet potato grows well in Central Asia and occupies large areas there.
Sweet potato is one of the most productive crops in the world. The usual yield is 15-20 t/ha, and with good crop care it can reach more than 60 t/ha. Tubers are eaten in boiled, baked and fried forms. From the tubers, which have 9% more carbohydrates than potatoes, flour, starch, molasses are prepared, alcohol and sugar are obtained. The content of starch in tubers ranges from 10 to 32%, sugar - 6%. The tops go to feed livestock. In the Antilles, Martinique and Guadeloupe, a special kind of sweet potato is cultivated - Ipomaea fastigiata Sweet. Sweet potato grows in New Zealand - I. chrysorrhira Hook. I. mammosa Choisy (Batatas matnmosa Rupr.) is grown in Indochina. In addition, there are some more species, though not as common as regular sweet potato, but similarly used. This is I. Batatilla Don. - in Venezuela, I. bracteata Cavanilles - in Mexico, I. macrorrhiza Michaux and I. leplophylla Torrey - in North America, I. Calobra Hill, et Mueller, I. costata Mueller and I. graminea Robert Brown - in Australia, I. digitata L. - in tropical areas. There are wild species of sweet potato: I. sibirica (L.). - Pers. Eastern Siberia - and I. hispida Roem I Schult. - Middle Asia. Boiled young sweet potato leaves serve as spinach. There is, however, one type of sweet potato specifically cultivated in East Asia for its leaves. This is I. aquatica Forskal - water sweet potato - with leaves floating on the surface of the water. The leaves and stems of water yam are fried in oil or eaten like spinach or salad. Author: Ipatiev A.N.
Sweet potato, Ipomea batatos. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
Sweet potato - Ipomea batatos L. - a perennial plant of the Bindweed family (Comvolvulaceae), comes from regions of South America, is cultivated in culture as an annual with a vegetation period of 3,5 to 8 months. The root tubers of the plant are widely used for food and for industrial processing, they contain 27% starch, 5-6% soluble carbohydrates, more than 3% protein, vitamins. Above-ground mass is a good fodder for livestock. Sweet potatoes are grown in the tropics and subtropics, on an area of more than 8 million hectares. Sweet potato is most widely distributed in Southeast and South Asia, where more than 80% of the area and 90% of world production are concentrated. In China, for example, about 1 million hectares are occupied by sweet potato, in Vietnam - 400 thousand hectares. Sweet potato occupies significant areas in North Africa (Egypt, Sudan), America (USA, Mexico, Brazil, Cuba, Venezuela) and subtropical regions of Europe (Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Italy). The average yield of sweet potato is 10-12 t/ha, in some areas it reaches 25-30 t/ha. Sweet potato, like many other starchy crops, is propagated in generative and vegetative ways. With generative propagation, the duration of the vegetation of plants until the formation of thickened root tubers is more than 2 times longer than with vegetative propagation, and is not used in agricultural production. Sweet potato root tubers are round-oval, spindle-shaped, their surface is smooth, rarely rough or slightly ribbed. The color of the peel and pulp is white, yellow, pink, purple - this is an important varietal trait. The average weight of one root tuber is 0,5-1,5 kg, some reach 20-25 kg. The root system of plants of the first year of life during generative propagation is of the rod type, during vegetative propagation it is fibrous. Obtaining thickened secondary roots is the goal of the industrial cultivation of sweet potato. The stem of the plant is thin, slightly ribbed, creeping, 1,5-2,0 m long, branching, well leafy and easily rooting, green or purple in color. The leaves are petiolate, heart-shaped or 3-6-lobed, up to 12-15 cm long, green or purple. Flowers solitary or collected in inflorescences, funnel-shaped, 3-5 cm in diameter, light pink. Cross pollination. The fruit is a spherical capsule with small dark-colored seeds. The temperature regime for the normal vegetation of sweet potato plants is from 20 to 30 ° C, when the temperature drops to 10 ° C, the plants stop growing, but do not die. Sweet potato is resistant to a lack of moisture in the soil at the beginning and end of the growing season, in the middle of the growth period, during intensive thickening of the roots, it needs a moisture content of at least 60-70% of the soil moisture limit.
Sweet potato is a photophilous short-day plant. With strong shading of plants, secondary roots do not thicken. In some areas of the subtropics, due to the relatively long day, the sweet potato rarely blooms and does not form seeds. It grows well on light sandy loamy permeable soils with a deep fertile layer. The optimal reaction of the soil environment is neutral or slightly acidic. On heavy, even very fertile soils, the yield of root tubers is reduced, as a powerful above-ground mass and single large irregularly shaped root tubers are formed. In agricultural production, sweet potato is propagated by root tubers (whole or in parts!, shoots - sprouts from root tubers (seedlings) and parts of stems - cuttings. In the subtropical regions (USA, Chile, Argentina, etc.), young shoots formed from the buds of root tubers are mainly used for planting. To do this, during the harvesting of sweet potatoes, aligned, healthy and typical for the variety root tubers weighing 150-300 g with 5 or more well-defined buds are selected - the so-called uterine, or seed, tubers. In the period from harvesting to laying in nurseries, they are stored at temperatures of 6-10 ° C. The uterine root tubers are laid in special nurseries for germination 1,5-2 months before the planned planting of seedlings on the plantation. In a trench with an area of 10 m2, approximately 100 kg of root tubers, 250-300 g each, are laid in one layer, having previously treated them with a formalin solution, covered with a 10 cm layer of sand and watered abundantly. After 5-7 days, the first seedlings appear, in 3-4 weeks the shoots reach 12-15 cm in height, have 6-8 well-developed leaves. The sprouts are broken off from the root tuber and planted in a nursery for rooting and subsequent planting on a plantation. Sometimes in nurseries, plants up to 1 m long are grown from seedlings and cuttings are prepared from them for planting. From one uterine root tuber, 12-15 shoots are obtained for 3-4 collections at intervals of 7-10 days. As a result of such reproduction, about 100 thousand seedlings are obtained from 7 kg of seed tubers.
In the conditions of the tropics, the planting of sweet potato on a plantation is carried out by cuttings. The best planting material is obtained from the top of the stem. Cuttings are prepared 30-40 cm long with 6-8 buds. They are tied in bunches and kept in the shade for up to 3 days before planting. Planting sweet potatoes on plantations in the subtropics is carried out taking into account temperature conditions, in the tropics - the rainy season. Landings are placed on the fields after cereals (rice, corn, sorghum) or legumes (soybeans, cowpeas, beans, peanuts), repeated plantings are impractical. Soil preparation for sweet potato when planting it at the beginning of the rainy season begins 45-60 days in advance. Spend 1-2 deep loosening by 15-20 cm with disc plows and 2-3 surface treatments. In the subtropics, autumn deep plowing by 25-30 cm and 1-2 spring cultivations are carried out. Sweet potato is often planted on ridges 25-40 cm high, less often in furrows. The preparation of ridges and furrows is carried out by hiller cultivators. Cuttings or seedlings are planted manually or by machines. Row spacing is 70-90 cm (rarely 120 cm), in rows between plants - 25-60 cm. The need for sweet potatoes in nutrients is high: from 1 ton of root tubers, plants absorb about 3,0 kg of nitrogen, 1,5 kg of phosphorus and up to 6,0 kg of potassium from the soil. The main fertilizer is applied before planting or during it, top dressing - after rooting cuttings or seedlings. The ratios and norms of mineral fertilizers vary depending on soil fertility. Most often, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:1:1 on poor soils, 1:2:2 on soils of medium fertility, or potassium doses are increased. Nitrogen is applied at 20-80 kg/ha, phosphorus - 30-90, potassium - 40-120 kg/ha. Organic fertilizers are usually applied under the previous crop. Planting care for sweet potato consists in replanting cuttings or seedlings (the so-called plantation repair), loosening, weeding, hilling plants, watering and phytosanitary treatments. Checking the survival rate of cuttings or seedlings is performed 1-2 weeks after planting. Cuttings with roots are planted in place of the dead, watered if necessary.
Loosening of row-spacings and weeding between plants in rows begins 3-4 weeks after planting, 2-4 treatments are carried out until the plants close. As a rule, the second or third inter-row cultivation is combined with the application of mineral fertilizers in the form of top dressing. Hilling is performed before closing the plants. To prevent early rooting of creeping sweet potato stalks, they resort to raising them above the soil and shifting them to the rows from the center of the row spacing. Sweet potato root tubers are harvested after 3,5-8 months from planting, depending on the early maturity of the varieties. The leaves of the plants begin to turn yellow, the root tubers are easily separated. Sweet potato harvesting technology can be completely mechanized. First, the above-ground mass of plants is mowed. It is crushed and used for livestock feed, if pesticides were not used on the plantation. Sweet potato root tubers are removed from the soil by lift plows or by hand. Dry in the sun, put in bags or boxes and sent for storage. Before long-term storage, root tubers are kept at temperatures of 25-30 ° C for 10-15 days in order to dry and form a dense cork layer on damaged areas of the peel. In the future, sweet potatoes are stored at temperatures of 13-15 ° C and 85% humidity for up to 6 months. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
Sweet potato. The history of growing a plant, economic importance, cultivation, use in cooking
What is a sweet potato plant? Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas belongs to the bindweed family. It is a perennial plant with creeping stems. Its leaves are large, heart-shaped or palmate-lobed, white or pink gramophone flowers are also large, the fruit is a box. A coffee surrogate is made from seeds (from which they just don’t make it!). But the main value is the lateral thickened roots of sweet potato (root tubers), starchy and sweet. Colloquially, they are called tubers, and we will follow the tradition, although from a botanical point of view this is incorrect. A real tuber is a modified shortened shoot, like a potato. Sweet potato tubers are distinguished by a variety of shapes and colors. The skin is beige, yellow, orange, red, brown, purple. The flesh of different forms is also multi-colored. Tubers with white and pale yellow flesh are less sweet and juicy than red, pink or orange tubers. Although the sweet potato is a perennial plant, it is grown as an annual. The growing season is from 90 to 120 days, during which time the lateral roots grow up to 30 cm and weigh from 200 g to 1-3 kg. Sweet potatoes are also called sweet potatoes, but they are not related to potatoes. Its homeland is tropical America. Columbus himself brought sweet potatoes to Europe, at the beginning of the XNUMXth century, Europeans introduced this culture to India and Africa, and a few decades later - to China, Taiwan and Japan. However, sweet potatoes came to New Zealand and the islands of Oceania long before the discovery of America. Perhaps it was brought by the ancient Peruvians who sailed to Polynesia. This version is supported by the fact that both in the language of the ancient Peruvians and in the Maori language, sweet potato is called kumar. However, it cannot be ruled out that the fruit-boxes were brought to the islands by the sea current. Currently, sweet potato is planted wherever possible (it is thermophilic), in many countries it is one of the main food plants. It is also grown in Russia, even adapted to Siberian conditions. True, varieties have to be ordered from abroad. Among agricultural crops, sweet potato ranks seventh in the world in terms of yields, 89% of the total is harvested in China. What is useful sweet potato? Sweet potato is a high-calorie product, its nutritional value is about 90 kcal per 100 g, while potatoes have only 70 kcal. Raw sweet potato tubers contain up to 20% carbohydrates, including 12,7% starch, more than 4% sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose and maltose) and up to 3% dietary fiber. There are practically no fats in its composition, very few proteins. Sweet potato is a source of vitamins, especially A and C, as well as E, B2 (riboflavin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine) and B1 (thiamine). Yellow and orange varieties of sweet potato are a storehouse of beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, and are not inferior to carrots in its content, and sometimes even surpass it. Varieties with purple flesh are rich in anthocyanins. Tubers contain calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium and zinc, especially potassium. In addition, they contain triterpenes, alkaloids, coumarins, anthraquinones, saponins, tannins, tannins and phenolic compounds. Naturally, with such a number of biologically active substances, sweet potato and extracts from it have found many useful properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antimutagenic. According to the results of decades of observation of several tens of thousands of men and women over 40 years of age, regular consumption of potatoes and sweet potatoes reduces the risk of breast, kidney, bladder and rectal cancer.
Sweet potato is useful for people suffering from insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus-2. They should choose foods with a low glycemic index (GI). The higher this indicator, the faster the blood sugar level rises after eating, and diabetics do not cope well with sharp jumps in glucose concentration. Glucose has a GI of 100, a baked potato is 95, mashed potatoes is 83, and sweet potatoes are typically 55-65. The GI of starchy vegetables depends on the composition of starch, which is a mixture of two glucose polymers: amylose and amylopectin. Amylopectin is a branched molecule, the area of its contact with digestive enzymes is large. Amylopectin breaks down quickly, and blood glucose spikes. Amylose is a chain with a small surface and is cleaved slowly. The ratio of amylose to amylopectin in sweet potato starch is higher than in potato starch. On the other hand, the GI depends on the variety of sweet potato and how it is prepared. So, part of the starch dissolves in water during cooking, and baking makes the product less moist and increases its sugar content. As a result, the GI of baked sweet potatoes may be higher than that of boiled potatoes. How and with what to eat sweet potato. Sweet potatoes, like potatoes, are fried, baked, boiled, mashed and chips made from it, fried in batter. After heat treatment, the sugar content increases to 6,5% and the tubers become sweeter. Juice is squeezed from orange varieties. The roots are dried and made into flour, which is added to wheat flour. Sweet potatoes are even eaten raw. Because sweet potato is sweet, it pairs well with honey, sugar, coconut, and coconut milk. It is used to make casseroles, jam, boiled in syrup, and in China they cook sweet soup with ginger and sugar. In Japan, sweet potato is used to make an alcoholic drink with a strength of about 25 degrees, and in the old days the following recipe was also popular there: “The sweet mountain sweet potato is put in a pot, poured with grape syrup and boiled until it boils into a mush. At one time it was considered excellent food, it was served even to the august table "(Akutagawa Ryunosuke," Sweet Potato Porridge "). The sweet potato is widely used in many tropical and subtropical cuisines, where it is served with local seasonings and sauces, meats, fish and seafood. Green vegetable. Sweet potato leaves contain no less nutrients than a tuber: proteins, a little fat, dietary fiber, vitamins A and C, zinc, potassium, sodium, manganese, calcium, magnesium, as well as iron, tannins and oxalic acid salts. The main bioactive compounds of the leaves are triterpenes, alkaloids, coumarins, anthraquinones, saponins, tannins and polyphenolic compounds with antimutagenic, anticancer, antidiabetic and antibacterial activity. The leaves are quite large, from 5 to 15 cm long and wide, and they are used as a green vegetable: added to salads and boiled. Sweet potato greens need to be pre-soaked because they contain bitter milky juice. Batat is not good for everyone. The oxalic acid that sweet potatoes contain causes the formation of stones in the urinary tract. Therefore, people prone to stone formation should be careful not to eat sweet potatoes or drink plenty of water.
Water spinach. The genus Ipomoea has about 500 species, but apart from sweet potato, only one is edible - Ipomoea water I.aquatica. Like other members of the genus, this is a perennial vine. Ipomoea water is distributed mainly in South, East and Southeast Asia, grows in swamps, along the banks of reservoirs, in shallow water and rice fields, it practically does not require care. Its stems are hollow and therefore float on water. In some countries, this plant is called water spinach. Leaves and young shoots are eaten. Water spinach greens are more nutritious than sweet potato leaves. It contains 2,6% proteins (only 1,6% in sweet potato), a lot of vitamins, especially A, C and B9, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium and potassium, dietary fiber. Leaves and stems can be eaten raw, fried with garlic, ginger, sweet hot spices, fried in batter or boiled with spices. Greens are served with noodles, seafood, vegetables, bean curd, grated coconuts and a variety of local sauces. It is an ingredient in various soups and salads. In Vietnamese cuisine, water morning glory greens have long been the staple vegetable of the poor. Aztec laxative. Many types of morning glory have medicinal properties, but the laxative morning glory is considered the most valuable, it is also a real jalapa, I. purga is a plant of the American tropics. Sometimes it is isolated in a separate genus Exogonium. Thickened jalapa roots, black on the outside and white inside, contain a lot of milky juice, which is 95% convolvulin glycoside, named after the Latin name of the bindweed family, Convolvulaceae. Convolvulin has a strong laxative effect. It was in this capacity that the Aztecs used the plant. In overdose, it causes vomiting and is considered poisonous. What to cook from sweet potato? The easiest way to bake sweet potatoes. Root tubers should be washed thoroughly, pierced in several places with a fork and baked at 205 °C for 40-50 minutes until the fork starts to stick easily. For additional softening, the hot tuber can be wrapped in a towel and gently pressed. Then cut each sweet potato lengthwise and put a tablespoon of butter and 1/8 teaspoon salt inside. For lovers of affordable exotics, we offer fresh sweet potato salad. In a large bowl, mix together a quarter cup of vegetable oil and lime juice, one and a half tablespoons of sugar and one and a half teaspoons of grated fresh ginger, and a half teaspoon of salt. Add about 700 g of raw peeled sweet potato, cut into strips, half a cup of toasted chopped walnuts and a quarter cup of chopped shallots. Mix everything, cool and serve. The recipe is for six servings. Author: Ruchkina N.
Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
The sweet potato, or sweet potato, is a popular root vegetable used in cooking and has many health benefits. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing sweet potatoes: Cultivation:
Workpiece:
Storage:
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