Fire safety prevention. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Free library / Occupational Safety and Health

Fire safety prevention. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

Centuries of experience in fighting fire determines the following basic rules for fighting fires:

it is necessary to apply all possible measures to prevent the occurrence of a fire - fire prevention measures;
if a fire has already occurred, the necessary measures are taken to localize it and completely stop (eliminate) the fire - fire defense measures or repression.

These rules are also mandatory for fighting fires in educational institutions. Due to the nature of the object for fire protection, special measures and methods of combat must be developed and thought out.

PPB 01-03 sets out the following fire safety requirements for the territories:

do not make fires;
do not use open fire;
smoking only in designated areas;
do not park cars closer than 15 m from the building, as they may interfere with the access of fire equipment.

At the end of the working day, you must inspection of the premises. During the inspection, special attention should be paid to the following requirements:

the premises have been cleaned;
waste baskets must be empty;
all electrical appliances must be de-energized (plugs removed from sockets);
windows and vents must be tightly closed;
passages and space at the exits from the premises should be free;
electric lighting must be turned off;
entrance doors must be locked;
the automatic alarm system must be switched on and in good working order;
primary fire extinguishing equipment should be located in specially designated places, access to them should be free.

In order to prevent fire in the premises, it is prohibited:

use heating appliances for space heating;
use electrical appliances (electric kettles, electric heaters, etc.), the power consumption of which exceeds the permissible power consumption of the electrical network;
include several electrical appliances in the power grid at the same time, the total power consumption of which exceeds the allowable one;
leave unattended at the end of the working day any electrical appliances and devices that are energized;
turn on electrical appliances without standard plug-in devices;
use faulty switches, sockets and plugs (with broken cases, burnt and smoked contacts, with loose sparking and heating wires at the point of contact);
to carry out installation and re-installation of electrical networks without complying with the requirements of the PUE. These works must be carried out by specialists who have a permit to work with devices under voltage;
connect faulty electrical appliances to the mains;
use uncalibrated fuse-links or circuit breakers to protect the electrical network, the operation current of which exceeds the maximum value allowed for this electrical network;
smoking in offices, classrooms, toilets, corridors, production and storage facilities, on stairs, in educational buildings, on dormitory balconies; smoking is allowed only in specially designated areas;
throw unextinguished cigarettes and matches on the floor, in bins and garbage bins;
bring, store and use combustible and flammable liquids, flammable objects and materials, combustible gases;
store containers with combustible, flammable liquids, cylinders with flammable gases, combustible objects on escape routes (in corridors, stairwells, in the lobby, in vestibules of evacuation exits), as well as in basements, attics, in technical rooms (electrical control rooms, ventilation cameras, etc.);
clutter with furniture, materials and equipment escape routes (corridors, stairwells, lobbies, vestibules of evacuation exits from the building), access to primary fire extinguishing equipment, electrical switchboards and disconnecting devices;
close the doors of emergency exits with hard-to-open locks while people are in the building;
use the available fire extinguishing equipment for other than its intended purpose.

For events with large gatherings of people it is allowed to use only rooms with at least two emergency exits, without bars on the windows. Responsible for the event are obliged to prevent the premises from being filled with people in excess of the established norm. When holding events on the stage and in the premises for the audience, the duty of responsible persons, members of the voluntary fire brigade or employees of the fire protection of the enterprise should be organized.

All educational institutions are subject to automatic fire protection: equipping with installations of automatic fire alarm, automatic fire extinguishing, smoke removal.

Authors: Volkhin S.N., Petrova S.P., Petrov V.P.

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Bees warn each other of danger 31.03.2016

Biologists from the University of California at San Diego (USA), led by Professor James Ni (James Nieh), together with colleagues from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, have established that Asian honey bees have a complex system of signals that warn other individuals of the threat. At the same time, it turned out that the frequency of vibrations and the pitch correlate with the level of danger.

Six years ago, James Nee discovered that the European honey bees Apis mellifera have a special signal that stops other bees from going for pollen if there is a danger near the food source. The scientist then wanted to check whether there is something similar in bees of other species.

Asian bees Apis Cerana became an ideal object of observation. In addition to "standard" threats such as spiders, giant Asian hornets Vespa mandarinia and Vespa velutina often attack their hives. During the experiment, scientists simulated the attack of these natural enemies of bees on their hive.

“We hypothesized that larger predators would pose a greater threat and change the signaling, possibly causing the bees to produce more signals. However, we were very surprised to find that these Asian bees not only produced more stop signals, but also different their species," said Professor Nee.

The attacked bees stopped their characteristic "dances" - swaying and began to produce stop signals, and the intensity of their themes was higher, the larger the attacking predator was. In addition, sentinel bees and bees returning from the fields warned their fellows in the hive of the danger outside.

Experiments have shown that different types of danger signals elicit different responses. If the hornets attacked bees in the field, they produced a signal that slows down flights for flower nectar, and in the event of an attack on the hive, the bees warned each other about the danger outside.

Professor Nee says this is the first time such a complex system of danger signals has been discovered in insects. Previously, the presence of such signals was recorded only in mammals and birds.

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