The effect of heat and radiant energy on a person. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
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The effect of heat and radiant energy on a person. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

Thermal and radiant energy

Internal thermal and radiant energy play a significant role in creating microclimatic conditions in workplaces and premises.

Heat transfer can occur by convection, conduction and radiation.

Heat transfer is carried out:

during convection - by a moving medium: water, steam, gas, etc.;
with heat conduction - from one part of a solid body to another;
when emitted, by intense infrared rays, which do not directly heat the air, but upon absorption of which solids heat up.

Most often, heating (cooling) of bodies occurs through all three or two types of heat transfer.

For heat transfer during radiation, direct contact of the bodies is not required, and the medium through which the rays pass practically does not affect them. The action of heat in this case affects not only the irradiated area of the body, but also the whole organism. Radiation can cause thermal burns of all three degrees in a person.

Burns - a very dangerous type of injury, as they cause violations of various vital functions.

According to the nature and intensity of the impact on the human body, radiation energy is divided into three categories:

I - energy emanating from bodies heated to 500°C, with a predominant thermal effect;
II - energy emitted by bodies heated up to 3000°C, with predominant light exposure;
III - the energy of bodies heated above 3000 ° C, in which ultraviolet rays predominate, causing eye diseases and burns.

To protect a person from thermal radiation, various kinds of screens and protective clothing are used. A radical means of protection is the elimination of the source of radiation. Screens are made of highly reflective materials (nickel-plated, chrome-plated, polished, with mirror coatings) and installed perpendicular to the direction of radiation.

As personal protective equipment, glasses (single and double) with light filters, canvas and cloth suits, shields, masks, pastes from the action of solar radiation are used.

In the statistics of accidents, a large place is occupied by heat strokes that occur under the influence of direct exposure to sunlight - sunstroke (mild, moderate and severe forms) - and are characterized by rapid heart rate, nausea, developing fainting. In these cases, the patient must be quickly taken out to a shaded area, freed from clothing, cool the body and head with a wet towel, give plenty of fluids; in the future, you need to see a doctor.

Radioactive radiation

Although working with radioactive substances and sources of ionizing radiation in higher pedagogical educational institutions is limited, and in schools it is prohibited, in some laboratory work for students in physics, radio engineering, metal technology (gamma flaw detection), x-ray installations, and in some other cases they are used. This determines the need to consider ways to protect against the resulting harmful factors.

Depending on their possible impact on a person, work with radioactive substances is divided into following groups:

work with open radioactive substances, in which contamination of the body and atmosphere is possible;
work with sealed radioactive isotopes, when only external exposure is possible;
work with materials in which radioactive isotopes are dissolved.

The most severe consequence caused by the action of ionizing radiation is radiation sickness, in which there is a violation of the functions of all organs and systems. Distinguish between the acute form of the disease (single irradiation of several hundred radians), fulminant - (the result of exposure to a dose of several thousand radians) and chronic, which develops with prolonged exposure of the body in small doses. Radiation sickness occurs only in the case of exposure to doses exceeding the allowable. Therefore, preventive work is of great importance.

Persons under the age of 18 and pregnant women are not allowed to work with radioactive substances. Those working with radioactive substances must undergo periodic briefing and medical examination. All premises, equipment, transport, devices intended for the operation and movement of radioactive substances have a radiation hazard sign - a yellow circle, against which three red petals and an inner red circle are applied. In all premises where work is carried out with radioactive substances, dosimetric control should be carried out in order to warn workers in advance of the danger. The frequency and types of dosimetric measurements are established by the sanitary and epidemiological station (SES); control data is recorded in a special journal. Workers are provided with special clothing (robe, hat, shoes, rubber gloves). To protect the respiratory system, it is necessary to use special respirators with a forced supply of clean air.

The rooms in which they work with radioactive substances are placed separately. They are equipped with special protection measures and control installations. Cabinets, chambers, boxes and other rooms where radioactive substances are used must have ventilation and cleaning devices before being released into the atmosphere, and also be convenient for washing and cleaning. All sources of radiation are isolated by stationary and non-stationary protective devices made of lead, lead glass, concrete, steel, etc. The protective properties of materials are characterized by a lead equivalent - the thickness of lead in millimeters, equivalent in protection to a layer of this material. For the storage and transportation of radioisotopes, ampoule storages and containers are used - devices in which the protective screen is a lead fill, and the body is made of cast iron. During working hours, radioactive isotopes are placed in storage facilities, safes equipped with radiation protection and ventilation. The stock of radioactive substances in the laboratory should not exceed the expected daily consumption.

Radiation safety standards (NRB) install maximum allowable dose (SDA) of external and internal exposure, depending on the group of critical organs and the category of exposed persons. In any case, the dose accumulated before the age of 30 should not exceed 12 SDA.

Authors: Volkhin S.N., Petrova S.P., Petrov V.P.

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