Help with bleeding. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
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Help with bleeding. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Providing first aid to the injured

Bleeding can be external (blood is poured out) or internal (blood is poured into the internal cavities of the skull, chest, abdomen). Depending on the type of damaged vessels, arterial, venous and capillary bleeding is distinguished.

Arterial bleeding occurs with deep chopped or stab wounds. Bright red (scarlet) blood pours out in a pulsating stream (in time with the contractions of the heart muscle), and sometimes beats with a fountain. When large arteries (carotid, subclavian, brachial, femoral, popliteal) are injured, very severe bleeding occurs, blood flows out of the vessels under high pressure, and if the bleeding is not stopped in time, the victim may die within a few minutes.

Venous bleeding occurs when a vein is injured. The blood flows out slowly, evenly, and has a dark cherry color.

Capillary bleeding happens when the smallest blood vessels (capillaries) are damaged with extensive abrasions and superficial wounds. Blood oozes over the entire surface of the wound, flows out slowly, drop by drop. Capillary bleeding is easy to stop with a sterile bandage, after lubricating the skin around the wound with iodine, or with a lotion (bandage) from a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution.

external bleeding stopped in different ways.

With mild (venous or arterial) bleeding, a tight pressure bandage should be applied to the wound and the bleeding part of the body should be lifted.

A pressure bandage is applied as follows: the skin around the wound is lubricated with iodine, a dressing is applied to the wound (several layers of sterile gauze, bandage), cotton wool and tightly bandaged. If the bleeding does not stop, then, without removing the applied dressing, a few more layers of gauze are applied over it, a lump of cotton and tightly bandaged. If a limb is bandaged, then the turns of the bandage should go from the bottom up - from the fingers to the torso. The injured limb is raised up.

To quickly stop severe bleeding, you can press the bleeding vessel with your fingers to the underlying bone above the wound (along the blood flow).

Rice. 32. Places for pressing arteries to stop bleeding from vessels

On fig. 32 dots indicate the most effective places for pressing the arteries.

Bleeding stops when wounded:

forehead or temple - by pressing the temporal artery in front of the tragus of the ear (point 7);
occiput - by pressing the occipital artery (point 2);
head or neck - by pressing the carotid arteries to the cervical vertebrae (points 3 and 4);
shoulder (near the shoulder joint) and armpit - by pressing the subclavian artery against the bone in the subclavian fossa (point 5);
forearms - by pressing the axillary (point 6) or brachial artery (point 7) in the middle of the shoulder from the inside;
hand and fingers - by pressing the radial and ulnar arteries in the lower third of the forearm near the hand (points 8 and 9);
hips - by pressing the femoral artery in the groin (point 10);
lower legs - by pressing the femoral artery in the middle of the thigh (point 11) or the popliteal artery (point 12);
foot and toes - by pressing the dorsal artery of the foot (point 13) or the posterior tibial (point 14).

Bleeding from a limb can be stopped by bending it in the joint above the site of injury, if there is no fracture of this limb (Fig. 33). The victim should quickly roll up their sleeves or roll up their trousers and put a lump of cotton wool, gauze or any other material into the hole formed when the joint is bent, and bend the joint over this lump strongly, to the point of failure. In this case, the artery passing in the fold, supplying blood to the wound, is compressed.

Rice. 33. Flexion of the limb in the joints to stop bleeding: a - from the forearm; b - from the shoulder; in - from the lower leg; g - from the thigh

Rice. 34. Rubber tourniquet to stop bleeding

In this position, the bend of the leg or arm must be tied or tied to the body of the victim with a scarf, scarf or belt. In case of severe bleeding from a wounded limb, it is necessary to tighten the limb by applying a tourniquet (Fig. 34).

As a tourniquet, you can use any elastic stretchable fabric, rubber tube, suspenders, etc.

A tourniquet is applied above the wound (closer to the body), after pressing the bleeding vessel with fingers to the underlying bone, over clothing or some kind of soft pad (bandage, gauze or scarf, folded in several layers and wrapped around the limb) to reduce pain and eliminate possible infringement skin.

Rice. 35. Stages of applying a rubber band

If assistance is provided by one person, then pressing the vessel can be entrusted to the victim.

The tourniquet should be stretched with both hands, make two or three turns around the limb so that there are no uncovered skin areas between turns of the tourniquet (Fig. 35). Tighten the tourniquet until the bleeding stops. If the tourniquet is applied correctly, then the pulsation of the vessel below the place of its application is not determined, the limb turns pale. However, the tourniquet must not be overtightened, as it can damage the muscles, compress the nerves and cause paralysis of the limb.

If there is no stretchable material at hand, you can tighten the limb with a twist made of non-stretchable material: a tie, belt, twisted scarf or towel, etc.

The material from which the twist is made is wrapped around the raised limb, covered with an appropriate padding, and tied with a knot along the outside of the limb. An object in the form of a stick is passed into or under this knot, which is twisted until the bleeding stops (Fig. 36). Having twisted to the required degree, the stick is fixed so that it cannot spontaneously unwind (fixed with an additional loop or bandaged).

In the warm season, a tourniquet or twist is applied for no more than 2 hours, and in the cold season - no more than an hour.

With a longer period of application of the tourniquet, there is a danger of necrosis of the tissues of the bloodless limb. Therefore, to control the time, it is necessary to place a note under the tourniquet or twist indicating the exact time of their application or attach it next to the clothes.

After an hour, if there is a need to leave the tourniquet (twist) longer, you should press the vessel with your finger above the bleeding site, remove the tourniquet for 10-15 minutes so that the limb receives some blood flow, and then re-apply a little higher or lower than the previous place. The victim with a tourniquet applied should be taken to a medical facility as soon as possible.

Rice. 36. Stopping bleeding by twisting: and - tying a knot; b - twisting with a stick; a - fixing the stick.

RџSЂRё internal bleeding, very life-threatening, blood is poured into the internal cavities and it is almost impossible to stop the bleeding. It is recognized by the appearance of the victim: he turns pale, sticky sweat appears on the skin, breathing is frequent, shallow, the pulse is frequent, weak filling. The victim must be laid down or given a semi-sitting position, ensured complete rest, applied to the alleged site of bleeding "cold (a bladder with ice, cold water) and urgently call a doctor. If there is a suspicion of damage to the abdominal organs, the victim should not be allowed to drink.

RџSЂRё nosebleeds the victim should be seated, his head slightly tilted forward so that blood does not drain into the nasopharynx, unfasten his collar, put a cold lotion on the bridge of the nose, insert a piece of cotton wool or gauze moistened with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution into the nose, squeeze the wings of the nose with your fingers for 4 - 5 minutes.

In case of bleeding from the mouth (bloody vomiting), the victim should be laid with his head turned to one side.

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