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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Organization of an emergency bivouac. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Many years of travel experience has led to the development of certain criteria for the device bivouac. The bivouac site must meet the following requirements:
To organize a bivouac, a site relatively closed by forest, sheltered from the wind, is chosen. In the forest, the wind is much weaker than in open areas, and in winter the air temperature in the forest is several degrees higher. However, parking should not be arranged in thickets and dense bushes: there is a great danger of a forest fire. On the slopes it is necessary to adhere to the platforms on the ridges, but at the same time it must be remembered that during a thunderstorm the ridges should be avoided. If there is a need to spend the night on the ridge, then the safest thing would be to set up a bivouac at the bend of the take-off and steps. It is not recommended to set up a bivouac in places where tree trunks are burned by lightning. It must also be remembered that lightning most often strikes oaks, poplars, elms; less often - in spruces, pines; very rarely - in birches, maples. Near the bivouac there should be no dried, rotten trees that can be blown down by the wind. If there are rotten and dried trees at the parking lot, then they must be freed from them. The bivouac should not be set up near railway stations, water piers, industrial enterprises, as well as near roads, high-voltage transmission lines, settlements. It is not recommended to set up tents on the coastal slopes, at the foot of steep banks, where there may be landslides and avalanches. Depressions and hollows should also be avoided - during a downpour, the tents can be flooded with water. In places abounding with mosquitoes, the bivouac is arranged on a coastal slope or in a high open place, where there are fewer mosquitoes and midges, because they are afraid of the wind. In practice, a situation is not ruled out when a person finds himself without a tent - then it becomes necessary to build a shelter from improvised means. The choice of the type of shelter depends on the time of year, skill, diligence, physical condition of the person. Temporary shelters can be a shed, a hut, a tent, a "tent", a snow cave, etc. There is plenty of material to build a temporary shelter. When building a shelter, you should not adhere to the rule "in close quarters, but not offended." Canopy. This is the easiest shelter to build under a naturally formed roof - under stones and trees. The entrance to such cavities is hung with a piece of cloth (part of a tent, blanket, etc.) or polyethylene (Fig. 24).
Rice. 24. Canopy Screening. It is also the simplest cover. It can be built in the following way. Two 1,5-meter stakes with forks at the ends are driven into the ground at a distance of 2-2,5 m from each other. A carrier pole is laid on the forks. Then, 5-7 poles are leaned against the carrier pole at an angle, attaching them with a rope or vine. A tarpaulin is stretched over the poles or spruce branches (coniferous tree branches) are laid. You can initially simplify the task: immediately lay on the carrier pole, fixing, spruce branches (Fig. 25).
Rice. 25. Barrier By the way, two trees are also suitable for building a barrier, spaced from each other at a distance of 2,5 m, on which a pole (rope) is fixed at a height of 1,5 m from the ground (Fig. 26).
Rice. 26. Barrier Gable hut built in a similar way. Poles or spruce branches are fixed on both sides of the ramp. The back of such a shelter can be blocked with spruce branches, and the entrance can be hung with a piece of cloth. An impromptu tent can be built based on the construction of a gable hut. A piece of plastic wrap or fabric is thrown over a fixed pole or a rope tied between two trees so that a gable roof is formed. From the ends, the film (fabric) is wrapped with overlapping panels, and the edges are tightly pressed to the ground with stones, branches and other improvised material. Chum. To build it, it is necessary to prepare 6-8 poles 2-2,5 m long. The ends of one side of the poles are tied together, and the ends of the other are spread apart. The resulting frame is covered with a tarpaulin or tree branches (Fig. 27).
Rice. 27. Stages of building a plague Consider building temporary shelters in winter. The more severe the weather conditions, the more reliable and warmer the shelter should be. In winter, they arrange an overnight stay at the site of a shifted fire on warm ground, having previously spread needles, dry eyelids, and leaves. You can protect yourself from the cold by building a trench, a cave, a snow hut or an igloo. snow trench - the easiest shelter in winter. It is a covered slit-like pit up to 2 m deep. Its roof is constructed from tree trunks, skis: they are covered with cloth, polyethylene and then pressed around the perimeter with snow blocks, logs. The freely hanging edge of the fabric, polyethylene can serve as a door. The snow trench protects well from wind and precipitation, but almost does not protect from the cold. Hut can be arranged as follows. Cut down one or two trees, preferably coniferous. To do this, first cut a tree at chest height and knock it down with its top to the windward side. Cut off the branches of a fallen tree (or trees) in the lower part and use them for bedding and compacting the vault and walls of the hut. From above and from the sides, cover the crown of a tree (trees) with a layer of snow 30-40 cm thick. Close the entrance to the hut with a piece of cloth. Under the screen with a fire"node"you can spend the night in the forest (Fig. 28). To do this, you need to go deep into the forest, which has, if possible, a dense coniferous undergrowth. In such a forest, there is usually no strong downwind. The snow on the barrier site is trampled down or raked with a slight slope to the side fire. The construction of the barrier has already been considered above. Consider the organization of an overnight stay with such a shelter further. At the feet you need to put a thin log, which, firstly, will prevent sleeping people from sliding to the fire, and secondly, will protect things from getting sparks that fire " shoots". For bedding, you can use spruce branches.
Rice. 28. Lodging for the night under the barrier with a fire "nodya" The fire "nodya" is built from two or (more common way) three logs. For such a fire, dead trees must be used. Cedar and pine logs burn best of all - without sparks, with an even flame. Spruce and fir burn well too, but they "shoot" - and thereby burn through things. To make a “nodya” fire from three logs (Fig. 29), two logs, preferably of different diameters, are placed on logs, in which recesses are cut down (to prevent the fire from falling into the snow). The third one is placed on the two lower logs - the thickest one, since it is the main combustible material and determines the burning time of the fire. In order for it to be uniform, the logs must be hewn and their tight contact should be achieved.
Rice. 29. The device of a fire "nodya" To kindle a fire, it is necessary to pour coal from the fire into the groove between the lower logs. Dry branches should be laid on the logs, and when they flare up, place the upper log on small linings so as not to drown out the fire. Depending on the type of wood, its size, the burning time of the fire "nodya" ranges from 3 to 6 hours. To build a fire "nodya" from two logs, you need to put two logs on top of each other. In this situation, it is very difficult to keep the logs in position. At the very least, this requires driving in stakes at the ends of the logs from all sides. But when at least one stake burns, the fire falls apart. Therefore, the "knot" of two logs is almost never used. snow cave (Fig. 30), with the right inflator and enough snow tools, can be done in any weather. Inflatables suitable for building a snow cave are usually located near the folds of the terrain on the slopes, in the beds of streams, near rocks, large stones. The snow should be of medium hardness so that it can be pierced with a ski without much effort.
Rice. 30. Snow cave Having made a decision to build a cave, the leader indicates the place of construction and determines the place where all things are placed. The group is divided into two teams: one digs a hole in the snow, the other prepares snow bricks to seal the front wall of the cave. There is an opinion that the digging of a cave begins with a narrow entrance hole with a gradual expansion of the internal cavity and removal of snow to the outside through the entrance. But to build such a cave requires the possession of special equipment. In addition, it takes a long time to build such a cave: there is no work front for all members of the group. Needle (Fig. 31). For its construction, it is necessary to find a flat area with a dense, deep, at least a meter deep, snow cover. The reliability of the igloo design is achieved by the spherical shape, the laying of the plates in a spiral and the shape of the plates, the outer edge of which is larger than the inner one, which prevents the plate from falling inward. Using a rope tied to a peg, draw a circle along which the first row of bricks will be laid. Choose the diameter of the circle depending on the number of future residents: one person should have 2,4 m, two - 2,7 m, three - 3 m, four - 3,6 m. Experience shows that it is less laborious to build two small, interlocking needles than one large one, for a group of 7-8 people. The optimal number of igloo residents is no more than 4 people.
Rice. 31. General view of the igloo Bricks are cut out 50-90 cm long, 40-50 cm wide, 10 cm thick. Having cut 15-20 blocks, the first row is laid around the perimeter. At the same time, the plates are installed at an inclination of 20-25 ° in order to lay out subsequent rows in a spiral, with an increase in inclination. Before installing the plate, it is shaped into a trapezoid of the desired dimensions. The slab is adjusted directly on the wall being erected: the side faces of adjacent slabs are cut so that reliable contact is achieved in three sections - along the lower edge and two corner ones. Finally, the slab is placed as follows: first, vertically on the lower edge, then, slowly tilting it inside the hut, they achieve a snug fit of adjacent slabs at the top point. The desired inclination is achieved by cutting the edge or lightly tapping the plate from the outside. The hole is closed from above with a plate - after leveling the upper face of the last spiral (Fig. 32). The gaps between the slabs are filled with loose snow. Traditionally, the entrance to the igloo is made in the form of a hole below the floor level, but you can arrange it at the floor level and close it from the inside - with a piece of tarpaulin or a backpack. It is worth noting that without sufficient experience in extreme conditions, the construction of an igloo should not be undertaken. Let us dwell on the question of people's behavior when organizing a "cold" overnight stay. It is imperative to appoint a duty officer who will support the fire or (if the overnight stay is in a snow cave) periodically clear the exit from the snow. The rest need to change into dry clothes. In severe frost, it is better to sit than lie down - this will ensure blood flow to the lower extremities. It is necessary to sit in a dense group, back to back, and seat the weakest and most frozen in the center.
Rice. 32. Building an igloo Legs should be wrapped in excess clothing or placed in an empty backpack. Naturally, in no case should you sit on the snow: you need to put clothes under you, dry leaves, branches, ropes, etc. In severe frost, you need to constantly move your toes, feet, rub the frozen parts of the body, move your shoulders. You can not disperse around the shelter, be in wet clothes, drink alcohol: creating the illusion of warming without actually increasing heat transfer, alcohol provokes mental breakdowns, tantrums, uncontrolled sleep, making erroneous decisions. And the last. In situations of construction and overnight stays in temporary shelters, the psychological attitude is very important. After all, hunters spend the night in the forest in winter, alone and sometimes not in winter quarters, but building similar temporary shelters for themselves. It is necessary, without losing self-control, to assess the situation and act. Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.
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