Guidelines for the development of civil defense issues in graduation projects. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Guidelines for the development of civil defense issues in graduation projects. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

The most difficult task of civil defense is to prepare industrial facilities for sustainable operation in an emergency situation in peacetime and wartime. Machine-building and instrument-making enterprises are the backbone of the country's military-economic potential.

The most important element in ensuring the sustainability of an industrial facility is the preservation of its technological, machine and laboratory equipment, as well as tooling, finished products and raw materials, that is, the development and implementation of civil defense engineering and technical measures that minimize the risk of failure of an element of an object or an object in in general.

The graduate student must be able to link engineering solutions in the field of functioning of an industrial facility, improving the design of a machine, unit, device or technological process with the tasks of ensuring their stability in emergency situations. He must evaluate the existing models of equipment, units, devices, fixtures and equipment, taking into account their work in an emergency, and also offer their improved version or more advanced technology. Must clearly represent the impact of all damaging factors (primary and secondary) on people, buildings, utility networks, equipment and accessories, attachments and small-scale mechanization, production technology, raw materials and products. And on the basis of these requirements, to propose new developments of equipment, units, fixtures and equipment, control and alarm systems, automatic control systems and telemetry, as well as automatic localization of emergency situations.

In design projects, it is necessary to analyze the stability of the developed device, unit, machine under the influence of damaging factors.

In graduation projects on production technology, it is necessary to characterize the designed object (workshop, site, stand, system, line, installation) in terms of ensuring the protection of the population and territories in emergency situations.

Equipment protection can be provided:

increasing the stability of the workshop building and placing equipment in the safest places in case of building destruction;
the creation of protective devices (chambers, canopies, casings);
reducing the vulnerability of equipment by reinforcing vulnerable parts and assemblies, making them removable or creating stocks to ensure their replacement.

In all cases, measures must be proposed to ensure the necessary stability of an element of an industrial facility, but for this it is necessary to clearly understand the conditions in which this element of the facility will have to work. The diploma project must be developed at the level of modern requirements.

Thus, the graduation project should present:

characteristics of the workshop, on the basis of which the graduation project is being developed (characteristics of the building and its elements, enclosing structures and light openings), available equipment (type of machines, lifting capacity of crane equipment, electric hoists, crane beams, conveyors), method of supplying electricity to machines, availability of product pipelines, racks, heating and ventilation systems;
placement of equipment (linear or group), types of machine tools (unique, heavy, serial, program-controlled, precision), availability of automatic lines;
engineering and technical measures of civil defense to protect equipment and products in an emergency in peacetime or wartime, that is, it must be indicated what to defend (the whole machine or some of its parts), how to protect (give a sketch of the protective device, perform the necessary calculations), when to install designed protective devices (in case of a sudden attack, in peacetime or in case of a threat of attack).

The head of the diploma project, which includes issues of civil defense, should be a teacher of the profiling department, and a consultant on civil defense issues - a teacher of the department "Life Safety and Industrial Ecology".

Scientific work and especially diploma design in universities should be directed to solving problems:

improving the reliability and durability of machinery, equipment and tooling;
ensuring the stability of the functioning of the entire economy of the country, its branches and individual industrial facilities in an emergency situation in peacetime or wartime;
the possibility of using existing or developing mechanisms, machines, assemblies, fixtures and equipment to perform rescue and other urgent work in an emergency;
the use of small-scale mechanization in the course of rescue operations;
development and improvement of simulators, accident simulators, necessary software material for the use of computer technology;
transition to less dangerous technologies, raw materials, modes of operation;
the fastest possible laying of temporary utility networks in the affected areas to replace the destroyed ones.

Topics of diploma design on civil defense and emergency situations can be:

protective structures of civil defense, their equipment and systems, methods of accelerated construction and improvement of protective properties;
ways to protect control, warning and communication systems (electronic circuits, optoelectronic equipment, elements of computer technology and automatic control systems) from damaging factors;
protection of equipment, machinery, terrain and water bodies from the impact of all types of damaging factors;
the possibility of using standard equipment to perform the tasks of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations in difficult conditions (for example, attachments for a specific type of rescue work, for opening a protective structure).

Issues of civil defense can be set out in the graduation project as an addition to civil defense, for example, as the possibility of using a specific mechanism, for example, when extinguishing forest fires or for working in conditions of continuous blockages.

An approximate list of questions on civil defense for graduation design may contain the following topics:

assessment of the vulnerability of systems for automatic control of modes and disconnection of emergency sections from the impact of damaging factors;
assessment of the vulnerability of automatic production control systems from the impact of a shock wave;
protection of automatic control systems from the impact of a shock wave;
assessment of the possibility of damage to tracked and wheeled vehicles from the effects of air-blast and light radiation;
design of wheeled and tracked vehicles with protection of the most vulnerable mechanisms, assemblies and parts from air-blast impact;
protection of hydropneumatic devices and hydraulic drives from the damaging effects of air-blast and light radiation;
assessment of the vulnerability of the main equipment of the workshop from the impact Air-blast upon receipt by the workshop of medium destruction;
ensuring the protection of artificial Earth satellites from X-ray, gamma or neutron radiation, as well as from the effects of electromagnetic radiation;
engineering and technical measures to ensure the resistance of the workshop equipment to the effects of air-blast and light radiation;
assessment of the stability of the designed equipment under the influence of probable damaging factors;
ways to increase the stability of the designed equipment under the influence of damaging factors in emergency situations;
determination of the radius of the zone of safe removal of the designed equipment from the center of a nuclear explosion;
assessment of the stability of power plants and machines to damaging factors;
increasing the stability of power plants and machines to the effects of damaging factors;
design of machines and mechanisms to maintain air parameters in the protective structure within the normal range (use of air conditioners, refrigerators, cold water circulation);
assessment of the possibility of functioning of optical-electronic equipment under the influence of light radiation;
assessment of the vulnerability of the workshop equipment from the effects of light radiation;
protection of automatic control systems from the damaging effects of light radiation;
assessment of the vulnerability of automatic control systems from the effects of light radiation;
reducing the risk of fire machines from exposure to light radiation;
design of machines taking into account the protection of operating personnel from the damaging effects of radioactive radiation;
ensuring the protection of hydraulic mechanisms from contamination with radioactive substances and agents;
protection of products from contamination (radioactive, chemical, toxic substances);
assessment of the stability of automatic control systems to the action of radioactive radiation and electromagnetic pulse;
increasing the stability of automatic control systems to the effects of radioactive radiation and electromagnetic pulse;
improvement of methods for calculating the regimes of radiation protection of personnel at the OE;
evaluation of the radiation resistance of the designed equipment;
increasing the radiation resistance of the designed equipment;
assessment of the possibility of functioning of the designed equipment under the influence of penetrating radiation;
protection of the designed equipment from the effects of electromagnetic radiation;
assessment of the stability of the operation of artificial Earth satellites under the influence of EMP;
ensuring acceptable working conditions for service personnel at high outdoor temperatures outside the workshop, shelter;
development of wheeled and crawler cranes, taking into account the possibility of using an arrow to evacuate people from burning buildings;
reducing the risk of product ignition when exposed to light radiation;
assessment of the vulnerability of equipment from the impact of secondary damaging factors;
development of engineering and technical measures that reduce the failure of equipment due to the impact of secondary damaging factors;
expanding the possibilities of using compressor units to supply air to littered shelters and ensure the operation of pneumatic tools;
the possibility of using autonomous emergency power sources for lighting objects, work sites in the foci of destruction, in shelters, as well as to ensure the use of power tools with strict observance of safety measures;
development of fixtures, attachments and other equipment for equipment used for lifting and moving goods in order to expand their capabilities in the performance of rescue and urgent work;
designing devices for wheeled and tracked vehicles, allowing these machines to be used for extracting caponiers, trenches, and clearing rubble;
development of adaptations for transport and loading machines, allowing for the rapid loading of victims and cargo from the focus of destruction, the transportation of rescuers and property of formations;
development of small-sized maneuverable self-propelled cranes for work in rubble;
development of a complex for the mechanization of construction and installation works with the possibility of its rapid movement to the lesion site;
development of a complex for the mechanization of construction and installation works, which ensures the rapid construction of shelters;
designing a tractor with universal equipment for conducting rescue operations in the lesion and the possibility of effective use of winches;
development of mobile reconnaissance equipment in the lesion focus, allowing to link the results of measurements by time and place, plot data on an electronic map of the area, and also transmit the received data via satellite communications;
increasing the patency of equipment when overcoming blockages in the lesions;
development of fixtures and equipment that allow quick special processing of people and equipment in the field;
development of conditions providing convenience during special processing of hydropneumatic devices;
development of ITM HE to improve the resistance of the designed product to the effects of air-blast (replacement of fragile parts and assemblies with more stable ones, reduction of dimensions, creation of protective structures, use of a streamlined shape), development of methods for quick replacement of product components, as well as determination of the necessary list of spare parts;
providing increased stability of tower cranes.

Authors: Grinin A.S., Novikov V.N.

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