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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Wartime emergencies. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Nuclear weapons are classified as weapons of mass destruction, as they cause damage to a huge number of living organisms and plants, and also cause destruction in large areas. Nuclear munitions are used to equip aerospace attack weapons (bombs, rockets), torpedoes, and nuclear mines (land mines). Depending on the method of obtaining nuclear energy, nuclear warheads are divided into nuclear and thermonuclear. Nuclear weapons are based on the principle of fission of nuclear fuel (mainly heavy elements of the periodic table, the relative mass of which is greater than that of uranium). Thermonuclear munitions have an order of magnitude higher yield, nuclear warheads often play the role of a fuse in them, and the principle of operation is based on the synthesis of light elements (deuterium, tritium, lithium). The power of a nuclear warhead is determined by the amount of energy released during its explosion (TNT equivalent), that is, the amount of explosive (TNT), the explosion of which releases the same amount of energy as the explosion of the nuclear warhead in question. TNT equivalent (TE) is measured in tons, kilotons or megatons. To imagine the power of a nuclear explosion, it is enough to know that the explosion of 1 kg of TNT produces 1000 kcal, and 1 kg of uranium - 18 billion kcal. During the entire Second World War, the Allies dropped fuel bombs of 2,9 Mt on the cities of Germany. And now ammunition with a capacity of up to 100 Mt has been created. By power, nuclear warheads are divided into:
Depending on the height (Fig. 6.1), nuclear explosions are divided into:
The distribution of energy between the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion depends on the type of explosion and the conditions in which it occurs (climate, terrain, conditions for the location of the OE and its elements, the resistance of the OE to the effects of damaging factors). The energy distribution for an air nuclear explosion is presented in Table. 6.1.
Rice. 6.1. Types of explosions of nuclear weapons Sometimes it is necessary to take into account such striking factors as a fireball, seismic waves (during an underground explosion of a nuclear mine), X-ray radiation and gas flow (during a high-altitude nuclear explosion to destroy aerospace attack weapons, the last two factors are effective at an explosion height of more than 60 km). shock wave (UVV) - the most powerful damaging factor of a nuclear explosion. The air-blast is formed due to the colossal energy released in the reaction zone, which leads here to the presence of a huge pressure (up to 105 billion Pa) and temperature (see Chap. 3). Light emission - These are electromagnetic radiations in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared parts of the spectrum. Its source is a luminous area (fireball), consisting of a mixture of hot explosion products with air. In the explosion zone, a huge amount of energy is released in a small volume in a very short period of time under enormous pressure, which leads to a sharp increase in temperature there. At the enormous temperature that has arisen, the material of the nuclear warhead envelope and other substances in the explosion zone evaporate. Thus, in the explosion zone, a certain volume of hot air and evaporated substances is formed, which is called a "fireball". Its dimensions depend on the power of the nuclear warhead, and the diameter during a ground or air explosion is determined by the corresponding formula depending on the power of the nuclear warhead: Dcalled = 67*q0.4 Dair = 67*q0.4 Table 6.1. Damaging factors of a nuclear explosion
Note. The specific distribution of the energy of the explosion between the damaging factors of the neutron munition depends on its components and features of the device. The duration of the glow of the fireball is determined by the formula:
where TSt. is given in seconds, a is in kilotons of TNT. These values matter:
In the atmosphere, radiant energy is attenuated due to the absorption or scattering of light by particles of smoke, dust, moisture drops, so it is necessary to take into account the degree of transparency of the atmosphere. Light falling on an object is partially absorbed or reflected. Part of the radiation passes through transparent objects: window glass transmits up to 90% of the energy of light radiation, which can cause a fire inside the room. Thus, in the cities and on the MA there are combustion centers. So, during the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima, a firestorm arose that raged for 6 hours. At the same time, the city center burned to the ground (more than 60 thousand houses), and the wind speed directed towards the center of the explosion reached 60 km / h. Penetrating radiation - This is ionizing radiation that is generated directly from a nuclear explosion and lasts for several seconds. The main danger in this case is the flow of gamma radiation and neutrons emitted from the explosion zone into the environment. The source of penetrating radiation is a nuclear chain reaction and RA decay of products of a nuclear explosion. Penetrating radiation is invisible, imperceptible, spreads in materials and air over considerable distances, causing damage to living organisms (radiation sickness). The flux of neutrons arising from a nuclear explosion contains fast and slow neutrons, the effect of which on the body is different and differs from the effect of gamma radiation. This is taken into account when using a special unit of measure - rem (biological equivalent of X-ray), which takes into account the biological hazard of radiation. The share of neutrons in the total radiation dose with penetrating radiation is less than the dose of gamma radiation, but with a decrease in the power of nuclear warheads, it increases. Neutrons cause induced radiation in metal objects and soil in the area of the explosion. The radius of the zone affected by penetrating radiation is much less than the radius of damage by a shock wave and a light pulse. Under the action of penetrating radiation, optics darken, photographic materials are illuminated, and reversible or irreversible changes occur in materials and equipment elements [46]. Radioactive contamination of the area - This is the contamination of the surface of the earth, atmosphere, water bodies and other objects with radioactive substances that have fallen out of a cloud formed by a nuclear explosion. Sources of RH are: radionuclides formed as a product of a nuclear reaction; unreacted part of the nuclear fuel; induced radioactivity in the region of a nuclear explosion. The attenuation of radiation is characterized by the coefficient of its attenuation by the screen substance (see Table 5.8). RZ is distinguished by the scale and duration of exposure, the secrecy of the lesion and the decline in the level of radiation over time. The total activity of fission products is determined by the ratios: Aβ = q*108 Key; Aγ = 0,4*q*108 Ki where Aβ and Aγ respectively beta and gamma activity. The density of fallout of RA particles on the ground decreases with increasing distance from the center of the release. In this case, relatively large RA particles (more than 50 μm) fall out closer to the center of the ejection. The time of precipitation of particles of the corresponding size in the air is indicated in Table. 6.2. Table 6.2. Time of fall of particles of different diameters on the Earth's surface from a height of 24 km
The REE density of a given area of the territory depends on the number of RA particles deposited per unit area, their activity, disperse composition and time elapsed after the explosion (release), and is expressed in Ci/km2 or Ki/m2. Each isotope decays at its own rate, that is, a certain number of isotope atoms decay per unit time. It is convenient to use the concept of "half-life" (T), that is, the time during which half of the total number of atoms decays. The half-life is constant for a given isotope (it is impossible to speed up or slow down the decay of an isotope by any technical means). The highest RP is observed during a ground-based nuclear explosion: at low air it is up to 50%, and at high air it is up to 20% of the RZ value from a ground nuclear explosion. The danger of getting radiation sickness on the territory is determined using radiation reconnaissance devices (see Chapter 8). It is useful to know the approximate relationship between dose rate and isotope activity: 1 Ci/m2 equivalent to 10 R/h; 1 R/h corresponds to contamination of 10 mCi/cm2. The degree of infection on the trace of the RA cloud is not the same: four zones are distinguished, each of which is characterized by the dose of radiation that can be received during the complete decay of the RA that fell here (Fig. 6.2). Zone of moderate infection, or zone A (mapped in blue). Its outer boundary is determined by the radiation dose of 40 rad. Zone A occupies up to 80% of the area of the entire footprint. The zone of severe contamination (applied in green) is zone B. The radiation dose at its outer border (at the same time it is the inner border of zone A) is 400 rad. The zone occupies up to 12% of the trace RA area. The zone of dangerous contamination, or zone B, is marked on the map in brown. The radiation dose at its outer boundary reaches 1200 rad. The zone occupies up to 8% of the footprint area. The zone of extremely dangerous infection, or zone G, is drawn on the map in black. The radiation dose at its outer boundary is 4000 rad, and inside the zone it reaches 10 rad. The zone occupies up to 000% of the area of the RZ footprint. The sizes of the RP zones depend on the power of the nuclear warhead, weather conditions, and, most importantly, on the average wind speed. In conditions of heavy dusting of RA, products penetrate into the body and can be absorbed into the blood, and then spread through the organs and tissues with the blood flow. Cesium isotopes are relatively evenly distributed in the body; iodine - are deposited mainly in the thyroid gland, strontium and barium - in bone tissue, lanthanide groups - in the liver.
Rice. 6.2. Distribution of radiation levels along the trace of the radioactive cloud: 1 - trace of the radioactive cloud; 2 - track axis; 3 - radiation level along the trace axis; 4 - the level of radiation along the width of the track As a result of exposure to (β-radiation of isotopes accumulated in organs and tissues, the body receives certain doses of radiation from the inside, which determines their biological effect. You need to know that the "absorbing" dose should be significant compared to the dose of total exposure of the whole organism (so , the minimal damaging effect on the gastrointestinal tract occurs at an "absorbed" dose of 4,5 Gy, but the same dose causes death in 50% of those irradiated with a total irradiation of the body.) Partial destruction of the thyroid gland is observed at an "absorbed" dose of more than 10 Gr. The absorption of RA products into the blood depends on the physical and chemical properties and nature of the soil in the area of the explosion. In a ground explosion on silicate soils, the solubility of RA products in a biological environment is up to 2%, and in explosions on carbonate soils, up to 100%. Taking into account the resorption of individual radionuclides, explosion products from fractions of a percent (silicate soils) to 25% (carbonate soils) can be absorbed into the blood. It is generally accepted that 62,5% of particles in the air enter the stomach, and 12,5% are retained in the lungs. There is evidence that organic damage occurs during inhalation only if the dose of external γ-radiation is already close to lethal, that is, the inhalation route of intake of RA isotopes is safer than external γ-irradiation (task 5.2). The concentration of RA products in water bodies depends on the solubility of particles and the depth of the water layer. During explosions on silicate soils, the solubility of RA products is low, and on carbonate soils it can be almost complete, that is, in zone B during ground-based nuclear explosions on carbonate pounds, the use of water from open water bodies (especially stagnant ones) is dangerous during the first 10 days. However, wells dug even in contaminated areas - due to the high sorption properties of the soil - can provide drinking water. The radioactivity of water in open reservoirs during RA precipitation depends on the density of their precipitation, solubility in water and the depth of the reservoir. As the experience of the US test of a thermonuclear device on the Bikini Atoll (1.03.1954/15/6.3, ground explosion with a power of XNUMX Mt) showed, RA precipitation caused exposure of people in a number of objects (Table XNUMX). All irradiated fishermen of the Japanese schooner fell ill with radiation sickness of varying severity with the development of radiation dermatitis (β-skin burns) from contact exposure to RA ash. The inhabitants of Rongelap Atoll were reported to have symptoms of mild radiation sickness and 90% of those exposed had skin lesions, of which 20% had ulcerative lesions. Diseases of the inhabitants of Rongerik Atoll and the Americans of Utirik Atoll were characterized by a painful reaction of the blood to radiation and skin lesions, with ulcers in almost 5% of the inhabitants. The absence of ulcerative skin lesions among American personnel can be explained by the fact that only they knew about the time of the explosion (they took refuge in the structures, changed linen and clothes, evacuated in a shorter time after the start of precipitation, and carried out special treatment earlier). Table 6.3. Number of people exposed to RA radiation
People can be exposed to single or repeated (repeated) exposure. In this case, the total exposure dose may exceed the allowable dose established for this contingent. An important factor is the time of exposure: whether the body has time to "eliminate" the consequences of its radiation damage. It is believed that with a 10% radiation damage, the body cannot fully restore itself, since this is the threshold that causes long-term effects of exposure. Electromagnetic pulse. A nuclear explosion is accompanied by electromagnetic radiation in the form of a powerful and very short pulse. In a nuclear explosion, a huge amount of gamma quanta and neutrons are simultaneously emitted into the environment, which interact with its atoms, giving them an energy impulse. This energy goes to the ionization of atoms and the message to the electrons and ions of translational motion from the center of the explosion. Since the mass of an electron is much less than the mass of an atom, the electrons acquire a high speed, and the ions remain practically in place. These electrons are called primary. Their energy is sufficient for further ionization of the medium, and each primary (fast) electron forms up to 30 secondary (slow) electrons and positive ions. Under the action of an electric field from the remaining positive ions, secondary electrons begin to move towards the center of the explosion and, together with positive secondary ions, create electric fields and currents that compensate for the primary ones. Due to the huge difference in the speeds of primary and secondary electrons, the process of compensation lasts much longer than the process of their occurrence. As a result, short-term electric and magnetic fields arise, which represent an electromagnetic pulse (EMP), which is typical only for a nuclear explosion. Neutrons in the area of the explosion are captured by nitrogen atoms of the air, thus creating gamma radiation, the mechanism of action of which on the surrounding air is similar to primary gamma radiation, that is, it contributes to the maintenance of electromagnetic fields and currents. Atmospheric air density decreases with height, and an asymmetry in the distribution of electric charge is observed at the site of the explosion. This can be facilitated by the asymmetry of the gamma-ray flux, the different thickness of the nuclear warhead envelope, and the presence of the Earth's magnetic field. Due to these reasons, electromagnetic fields lose their spherical symmetry and become vertically directed during a ground-based nuclear explosion. The main parameters of EMR (Fig. 6.3), which determine its damaging effect, are: the shape of the pulse (the nature of the change in the strength of the electric and magnetic components of the field over time) and the amplitude of the pulse (the maximum value of the field strength). On fig. 6.3, the y-axis gives the ratio of the electric field strength (E) for a ground explosion to the maximum field strength at the initial moment of the explosion. This is a single unipolar pulse with a very steep leading edge (hundredths of a microsecond long). Its decay occurs according to an exponential law, like an impulse from a lightning discharge, within a few tens of milliseconds. The EMR frequency range extends up to 100 MHz, but its main energy falls on frequencies of 10...15 kHz.
Rice. 6.3. Form of EMP from a ground-based nuclear explosion The area where gamma radiation interacts with the atmosphere is called the EMP source area. The dense atmosphere at low altitudes limits the effective propagation of gamma rays to hundreds of meters, that is, in a ground-based nuclear explosion, the area of \u1600b\u20bthis region occupies several square kilometers. In a high-altitude nuclear explosion, gamma quanta travel hundreds of kilometers until they completely lose energy due to the high rarefaction of the air, that is, the EMP source area is much larger: a diameter of up to 18 km and a depth of up to XNUMX km. Its lower boundary is located at an altitude of about XNUMX km. The large size of the EMP source area during a high-altitude nuclear explosion leads to the defeat of an electromagnetic pulse in places where other damaging factors of this nuclear explosion do not act. And such areas can be thousands of kilometers away from the explosion site. An illustrative example of such a case is the conduct of nuclear tests in the atmosphere in August 1958. At the time of the US-made thermonuclear explosion outside the atmosphere over Johnston Island, 1000 km from the epicenter of the explosion, in Hawaii, street lights went out. This happened as a result of the impact of EMP on power lines, which played the role of extended antennas. Similar phenomena were observed during earlier air explosions, but people met with such a scale of EMP exposure for the first time, since for the first time an explosion was made outside the atmosphere. The magnitude of EMP, depending on the degree of asymmetry of the explosion, can be different: from tens to hundreds of kilovolts per meter of the antenna, while the sensitivity of conventional input devices is several tens or hundreds of microvolts. Thus, in a ground-based nuclear explosion with a power of 1 Mt, the field strength at a distance of 3 km is 50 kV / m, and at a distance of 16 km - up to 1 kV / m. In a high-altitude explosion of the same power, the field strength is 1000 kV/m. Since the rise time of EMP is billionths of a second, conventional electronic systems may not provide protection for electronic equipment operating at the time of EMP action, which will receive a huge overload and may fail. Since EMP energy is distributed over a wide frequency range, radio equipment operating in a narrow frequency range is in the best position. Protective measures against EMI are: connection of equipment by underground cable lines, screening of input and output wires, grounding and shielding of all equipment. But full shielding of permanently operating communication equipment cannot be performed. Exposure to electromagnetic radiation can lead to failure of electrical and radio engineering elements associated with antennas and long communication lines due to the appearance of significant currents (potential difference) that are induced and propagate tens and hundreds of kilometers from the explosion site, that is, outside action of other damaging factors. If lines of a specified length pass through these zones, then the currents induced in them will propagate outside the specified zones and disable equipment, especially those that operate at low voltages (on semiconductors and integrated circuits), cause short circuits, ionization of dielectrics, spoil magnetic records, deprive computer memory (Table 6.4). For the same reason, warning, control and communication systems installed in shelters can be disabled. Damage to people due to exposure to EMR can occur when in contact with current-carrying objects. Space objects can be disabled due to pickups that occur in the conductive areas of the case from hard radiation (when a current pulse occurs due to the appearance of a flow of free electrons). The tension on the body of a space object can reach 1 million V/m. A nuclear explosion with a power of 1 Mt can disable an unprotected satellite located within a radius of 25 km from the site of the explosion. Table 6.4. Radii of zones, km, in which stresses are induced during ground and low air nuclear explosions
Note. The numerator shows the radii of the zones in which potentials up to 10 kV are induced, and the denominator - up to 50 kV. The most reliable way to protect equipment from the effects of electromagnetic radiation may be shielding units and units of equipment, but in each case it is necessary to find the most effective and economically feasible methods of protection (optimal spatial placement, grounding of individual parts of the system, the use of special devices that prevent overvoltage). Since the current pulse from the EMP acts 50 times faster than a lightning discharge, conventional spark gaps are ineffective here.
Rice. 6.4. Zones of the focus of nuclear damage As a result of a nuclear explosion, a nuclear lesion center (OchYaP) is formed - a territory in which, under the influence of a nuclear explosion, mass destruction, fires, blockages, contamination of the area and victims occur. The area of the lesion (Fig. 6.4) is determined with sufficient accuracy by the area of a circle with a radius equal to the zone of weak destruction, that is, the distance at which an excess pressure of 10 kPa (0,1 kg / cm2). This boundary is determined by the power, type and height of the explosion, the nature of the building. For an approximate comparison of the radii of the affected zones in nuclear explosions of various powers, you can use the formula
where R1 and R2 - radii of affected areas, m; q1 and q2 - the power of the corresponding nuclear warheads, kt. Thus, OCJP is characterized by:
Conventional weapons of increased efficiency The use of modern means of destruction of increased power and accuracy can ensure the fulfillment of the assigned tasks of suppressing the enemy without the use of weapons of mass destruction. These include cluster, incendiary, cumulative, high-explosive munitions and volume explosion devices. Cassette power supplies - this is an example of an "area" type of weapon, when a dropped PSU (cassette) is stuffed with small weapons. fragmentation BP, used to defeat people, machinery and equipment located in open areas. An example of such a BP is a "ball" bomb stuffed with thousands of fragments in the form of balls, arrows or needles. During the fall, the body of the bomb and its components are destroyed several times into smaller and smaller parts, forming an increasing area and density of destruction (something similar to a geometric progression). Protection from such a PSU is provided by the simplest shelter, terrain folds, and buildings. Cumulative (armor-piercing) BP serve to destroy armored vehicles and other protected objects. This is a directed explosion weapon, in which a powerful jet of explosion products is formed, capable of burning through armor up to 0,5 m thick. The temperature in the jet reaches 7000 ° C, and the pressure is 0,6 million kPa. This effect is achieved by filling the explosive in the form of a recess, which focuses the hot gas jet. A steel (or uranium) core is placed inside the cumulative BP (to increase the breakdown power) and a fragmentation charge to destroy the crew and people in the AP GO. Concrete-piercing BP ensure the incapacitation of airfield runways and well-protected command posts. The bomb contains a cumulative and powerful high-explosive charges with separate fuses for each (instantaneous - for a shaped charge to break through the overlap and delayed - to undermine the explosive, that is, to perform the main destruction). The bomb, after dropping with a parachute, is aimed at the target, then it is accelerated by the sustainer engine for more reliable destruction of the object. PSU with mine-type fuses - for mining water spaces, port facilities, railway stations, airfields. BP volumetric explosion are based on the possibility of detonation of a mixture of combustible gases with atmospheric oxygen. The body of the BP of a volumetric explosion is made in the form of a thin-walled cylinder filled with LPG in a gelatinous form (ethylene oxide, acetic acid peroxide, propyl nitrate). The principle of DHW explosion was considered in Ch. 3. In the detonation zone, the temperature reaches 3000°C in microseconds. The main damaging factor is air-blast, the front of which propagates at a speed of up to 3 km / s, and at a distance of 100 m from the center of the explosion, the overpressure is 100 kPa. In addition, damage occurs due to a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the air, thermal and toxic effects. The energy of an explosion of hot water is much higher than the energy of an explosion of a conventional explosive of the same mass. Since DHW penetrates into unsealed protective structures, rooms and terrain folds, it is useless to look for protection there. After dropping the volumetric explosion BP cassette, it is divided into components. The fall of each of them is slowed down by a parachute. When the exhaust extension hits the ground, the body is destroyed with the formation of a hot water cloud with a diameter of up to 30 m and a height of up to 5 m. Then the hot water cloud is blown up by a delayed detonator. The destruction caused by the explosion is enormous: when such ammunition was used in Beirut (Lebanon), an 8-story building after its collapse left a pile of debris with a height not exceeding 3 m. incendiary ammunition designed to create large fires, destroy people and property, hinder the actions of rescuers and troops. Incendiary mixtures are able to flow into shelters, basements. Painful burns from them can cause shock and require long-term treatment. In practice, unthickened incendiary mixtures are used (with a thickener mass of Ml 4%) from knapsack flamethrowers (range up to 25 m, the mixture weakly adheres to surfaces and burns out to a large extent during the flight) and a thickened mixture with a thickener mass of 9%, fired from mechanical flamethrowers (range 180 m), or 12% - from pouring aircraft devices. Incendiary mixtures are divided into groups: 1. Napalm - a petroleum-based incendiary mixture that resembles rubber glue (sticks even to wet surfaces). The composition of napalm includes 96...88% of gasoline and 4...12% of the thickener Ml. According to the first letters of the thickener, the mixture itself is called napalm (the thickener contains acids: 25% naphthenic, 50% palmitic and 25% oleic). Creates a combustion center with a duration of up to 10 minutes with a temperature of up to 1200°C. The mixture is lighter than water and therefore remains on the surface, spreading over large areas and continuing to burn. When burning, it liquefies and flows through the cracks into the premises and equipment. Saturates the air with poisonous hot gases. 2. Metallized incendiary mixtures (pyrogels) - viscous fire mixtures based on petroleum products with additives of powdered metals (magnesium, aluminum). The combustion temperature exceeds 1600°C. The mixture burns thin metal. 3. Thermite incendiary mixtures are mechanical mixtures of iron oxide and aluminum powder. After ignition, a chemical reaction proceeds from a special device with the release of a huge amount of heat. When burning, thermite melts, turning into a liquid mass. Thermite mixture burns without oxygen at temperatures up to 3000°C. It is capable of burning metal parts of equipment. 4. An incendiary mixture in the form of a waxy self-igniting substance with the addition of ordinary or plasticized phosphorus and an alkali metal (sodium, potassium). The combustion temperature reaches 900°C. A dense white poisonous smoke is emitted, causing burns and poisoning. Burning time up to 15 min. Some time after extinguishing, the mixture ignites again in air. Incendiary PSUs are usually used in cassettes or bundles of up to 670 bombs. The area affected by such a bundle reaches 0,15 km2. To protect against incendiary means:
In recent wars, incendiary weapons have been widely used. In the Middle East in 1967, Israel put out of action up to 75% of the Arab troops using incendiary weapons. During the fighting in Vietnam, 40% of the used ammunition turned out to be incendiary (cassettes of 800 two-kilogram incendiary bombs were used, which created massive fires over an area of more than 1000 hectares). Precision weapons ensures guaranteed failure of well-protected small objects. Sea, land and air based cruise missiles "Tomahawk" with an explosive weight of up to 450 kg with a flight range of up to 600 km and a circular probable deviation (CEP) not exceeding 10 m. Up to 80 KR are hung on the carrier aircraft. If up to 5000 sorties were made to hit a typical target during the Second World War (9000 bombs were dropped from a CEP of about 3 km), then during the Vietnam War, 95 sorties were made to the same target (190 bombs with a CEP of 300 m). In Iraq, one aircraft solved the same problem using one cruise missile. During the 43 days of the war with Iraq, the allies dropped 89 bombs and missiles, of which 000 were precision-guided (about 6500%). But it was they who hit 7% of the targets. During the 90 hours of a repeated attack on Iraq (70), more than 1998 CR were used, about 400 objects were destroyed (having spent 100 billion dollars, the USA and England hit 2 command posts, 20 palaces, several factories and hospitals with large laboratories). Thus, high-precision weapons were tested in combat conditions and a huge amount of obsolete ammunition was destroyed on foreign territory. The modern US Army is 7% armed with third-generation precision weapons. Guided bombs (UAB) with a television guidance system. When approaching the target, the aircraft pilot turns on the UAB TV camera and controls the appearance of the terrain image on its screen. The pilot sets the marker on the image of the target, transfers the target to auto-tracking by the UAB homing head and resets it. The circular probable deviation of the ASA is several meters. Some types of UAB have "feathering", that is, using aerodynamic lift, they can fly horizontally for about 65 km. This makes it possible to carry out a successful release of the UAB without the carrier aircraft entering the air defense zone of the facility. A number of UAB types have a laser, television-laser, and, in case of insufficient target contrast, a television-command guidance system. The focus of a combined lesion (OchKP) is formed as a result of simultaneous or sequential exposure to different damaging factors in various types of emergencies, as a result of which the situation in the focus of a combined lesion can be very difficult: fires, explosions, flooding, contamination, gas contamination. Of particular danger is the possibility of a sharp complication of the epidemic situation.At the same time, all activities are carried out within the quarantine zone. Depending on the specific situation, decisions are made to carry out priority measures: for example, if the OchKP was created in the event of an accident with a chlorine tank and an explosion of fuel assemblies, then first of all it is necessary to take chemical protection measures. Intelligence should play the main role in the BSP: to establish the type, group, concentrations and types of infection; directions of spread of 0ЗВ, types of pathogens. Authors: Grinin A.S., Novikov V.N.
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