Nuclear weapons, their brief description and impact on objects and humans. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Nuclear weapons, their brief description and impact on objects and humans. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Nuclear weapons A weapon is called, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of intranuclear energy released during a nuclear explosion.

Nuclear weapons are based on the use of intranuclear energy released during chain reactions of fission of heavy nuclei of isotopes of uranium-235, plutonium-239 or during thermonuclear reactions of fusion of light nuclei - hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into heavier ones.

These weapons include various nuclear munitions (warheads of missiles and torpedoes, aircraft and depth charges, artillery shells and mines) equipped with nuclear chargers, means of controlling them and delivering them to the target.

The main part of a nuclear weapon is a nuclear charge containing a nuclear explosive (NAE) - uranium-235 or plutonium-239.

A nuclear chain reaction can only develop if there is critical mass fissile material.

Prior to the explosion, nuclear explosives in one munition must be divided into separate parts, each of which must be less than critical in mass. To carry out an explosion, it is necessary to combine them into a single one, i.e. create a supercritical mass and initiate the start of the reaction from a special source of neutrons.

The power of a nuclear explosion is usually characterized by the TNT equivalent.

The use of the fusion reaction in thermonuclear and combined munitions makes it possible to create weapons with practically unlimited power. Nuclear fusion of deuterium and tritium can be carried out at temperatures of tens and hundreds of millions of degrees. In reality, this temperature is reached in the ammunition in the process of a nuclear fission reaction, creating conditions for the development of a thermonuclear fusion reaction. An assessment of the energy effect of a thermonuclear fusion reaction shows that the fusion of 1 kg of helium from a mixture of deuterium and tritium releases 5 times more energy than the fission of 1 kg of uranium-235.

One type of nuclear weapon is neutron ammunition. This is a small-sized thermonuclear charge with a capacity of no more than 10 thousand tons, in which the main part of the energy is released due to the fusion reactions of deuterium and tritium, and the amount of energy obtained as a result of the fission of heavy nuclei in the detonator is minimal, but sufficient to start the fusion reaction. The neutron component of the penetrating radiation of such a small nuclear explosion will have the main damaging effect on people.

For a neutron munition at the same distance from the epicenter of the explosion, the dose of penetrating radiation is about 5-10 times greater than for a fission charge of the same power.

Nuclear weapons of all types, depending on the power, are divided into the following types:

1) ultra-small (less than 1 thousand tons);

2) small (1-10 thousand tons);

3) medium (10-100 thousand tons);

4) large (100 thousand-1 million tons);

5) super-large (more than 1 million tons).

Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions are divided into the following types:

1) air;

2) high-rise;

3) ground (surface);

4) underground (underwater).

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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