Part connections. History of invention and production

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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
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Part connections. History of invention and production

The history of technology, technology, objects around us

Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us

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Fasteners (fasteners) - parts for connecting structural parts: bolts, nuts, screws, screws, self-tapping screws, dowels, rivets, washers, pins, studs and others.

Part connections
Fasteners

Connections of parts are divided into detachable and one-piece.

One of the most common types of detachable connections are threaded connections. As already mentioned in the article "Lever. The Simplest Mechanisms", the thread is an inclined plane repeatedly wrapped around the cylinder. It consists of cutting - alternating grooves and protrusions of constant cross section formed on the surface of the part.

For a long time, threaded connections were made by hand and could have completely arbitrary threading. Mating parts were fitted to each other and could not be used in tandem with other parts, which made it difficult to repair equipment.

The situation improved with the improvement at the end of the XNUMXth century. G. Modli screw-cutting lathe. This improved the cutting of the screws. Later, standards for threaded connections appeared.

The shape of the surface on which the screw thread is formed can be cylindrical and conical. In the direction of movement of the threaded contour, right and left threads are distinguished.

Depending on the profile (contour of the section of grooves and protrusions), the thread can be triangular, trapezoidal, thrust, round, rectangular.

Threaded connections are bolted, screw, stud, with the help of screws.

In a bolted connection, a bolt - a threaded rod with a four- or hexagonal head - is inserted into the holes of the parts to be joined. A nut is screwed onto the thread. A washer can be placed between the nut and the part to seal the connection or increase the area of \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbsupport. To prevent the parts to be joined from unscrewing from vibration, lock nuts (two screwed nuts), cotter pins (wire rods bent in half), which are inserted into the through hole in the bolt, can be used.

A screw connection does not need a nut. A screw is a threaded rod with a head. The head serves to press the parts to be joined and can be hexagonal, square or round. To tighten the screw, a wrench or a screwdriver can be used, for which a straight or cross-shaped slot is made in the head of the screw. The mating thread is made in the part itself.

To connect wooden parts and other parts made of soft materials, screws are used - screws, the threaded part of which has a conical shape. The head of the screws can be flat (countersunk) or have a spherical shape. For screwing, a straight or cross-shaped slot is made on it.

A stud is a rod with threads at both ends. The end of the stud is screwed into one of the parts to be joined, and the second part is pressed against the first by screwing the nut onto the other end of the stud. Sometimes nuts are screwed onto both ends of the stud.

To connect pulleys, gears and other rotating parts with shafts, keyed and splined connections are used.

The key is a prismatic or wedge-shaped bar. It enters the grooves located on the shaft and in the part. Keys are divided into lingering (pressed) and non-tightening keys. A lingering key is capable of transmitting circumferential and axial forces, while a loose key is capable of transmitting only circumferential forces.

A splined connection is used to transmit high forces. It is carried out with the help of protrusions (teeth), evenly spaced on the shaft, and their corresponding cavities (splines) in the hole of the part.

Among the non-detachable joints, a welded joint, a joint by soldering and riveting should be distinguished.

Part connections
Rail joint welding

When soldering, solid materials are connected using special compositions - solders. Solders are made on the basis of lead, tin, copper and other metals. They have a lower melting point than the materials to be joined. Molten solder fills the gap between the parts to be joined, and mutual dissolution and diffusion of the base material and solder occurs.

Soldering joins steel, cast iron, glass, graphite, ceramics, and synthetic materials. Most often, soldering is used to join metals. It is conditionally divided into soldering with hard and soft solders. When soldering with hard solders, the junction is heated with a gas burner, an electric arc, and high-frequency currents. Soldering with soft solders is carried out with soldering irons, gas burners, by immersion in baths with molten solder.

With the help of rivets, they mainly connect products from sheet and profile rolled products. To do this, matching holes are made in the parts to be joined. Rivets are inserted into them, which are a round rod with a prefabricated embed head at one end. Rivets are made from steel, copper, aluminium, brass and other materials whose ductility allows them to form heads. After the rivet is inserted into the hole, a closing head is formed by riveting the rod.

Part connections
Rivet joints of metal structures

The riveted connection can be performed overlapping, when the parts to be joined overlap each other, and end-to-end, using overlays. For a long time, until the 1930s, riveted joints were the main ones in mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, bridge building - where high strength of joints was required.

The main disadvantage of riveted joints was the high labor intensity. Gradually, they were replaced by welded and adhesive joints.

Now, with the help of rivets, materials that cannot be welded and heated, as well as thin-walled materials, are connected. Rivet joints are used in aircraft construction, in the production of buses and trolleybuses, in joints that operate under heavy loads and in conditions of shock and vibration loads.

Author: Pristinsky V.L.

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