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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Submarine. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Submarine (submarine, submarine, submarine) - a class of ships capable of diving and operating underwater for a long time. The creation of a submarine is a remarkable achievement of the human mind and a significant event in the history of military technology. The submarine, as you know, has the ability to act covertly, invisibly, and therefore, suddenly. Stealth is achieved, first of all, by the ability to dive, swim at a certain depth without betraying one's presence, and unexpectedly strike at the enemy.
Like any physical body, a submarine obeys the law of Archimedes, which states that any body immersed in a liquid is subject to an upward buoyancy force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body. For simplicity, this law can be formulated as follows: "A body immersed in water loses as much in its weight as the volume of water displaced by the body weighs." It is on this law that one of the main properties of any ship is based - its buoyancy, that is, the ability to stay on the surface of the water. This is possible when the weight of the water displaced by the submerged part of the hull is equal to the weight of the vessel. In this position, the ship has positive buoyancy. If the weight of the displaced water is less than the weight of the ship, then the ship will sink. In this case, the ship is considered to have negative buoyancy. For a submarine, buoyancy is determined by its ability to be both submerged and surfaced. Obviously, the boat will be on the surface if it has positive buoyancy. Getting negative buoyancy, the boat will sink until it lies on the bottom. So that she does not seek to either rise or sink, it is necessary to equalize the weight of the submarine and the weight of the volume of water displaced by it. In this case, the boat without a move will take an unstable indifferent position in the water and will "hang" at any depth. This means that the boat has received zero buoyancy. In order for a submarine to sink, emerge, or stay underwater, it must be able to change its buoyancy. This is achieved in a very simple way - by taking water ballast onto the boat: special tanks arranged in the hull of the boat are either filled with outboard water, then emptied again. When they are completely filled, the boat acquires zero buoyancy. In order for the submarine to surface, it is necessary to free the tanks from the water. However, dip adjustment with tanks can never be accurate. Maneuvering in the vertical plane is achieved by shifting the horizontal rudders. Just as an aircraft in the air is able to change its flight altitude with the help of elevators, so a submarine operates with horizontal rudders or depth rudders without changing its buoyancy. If the leading edge of the rudder blade is higher than the trailing edge, the oncoming water flow will create an upward lift. Conversely, if the leading edge of the rudder is lower than the rear, the oncoming flow will press down on the working surface of the pen. A change in the direction of movement of a submarine in a horizontal position is carried out for submarines, as well as for surface ships, by changing the angle of rotation of the vertical rudder. The first submarine to be put into practical use was the "Tartu" ("Turtle") by the French inventor Byuchnel, built in 1776 in the USA. Despite its primitiveness, it already had all the elements of a real submarine. The egg-shaped body with a diameter of about 2 m was made of copper, and in the lower part it was covered with a layer of lead. The crew of the boat consisted of one person.
Immersion was achieved by filling a special tank (a) located at the very bottom with ballast water. The immersion was adjusted using a vertical screw (c). The ascent was carried out by pumping out ballast water with two pumps (b), which were also manually operated. Movement along a horizontal line occurred with the help of a horizontal screw (g). To change direction, there was a steering wheel (e) located behind the person’s seat (g). The armament of this ship, intended for military purposes, consisted of a mine (h) weighing 70 kg, placed in a special box under the steering wheel. At the time of the attack, the Tortyu, having submerged, tried to approach under the keel of an enemy ship. There, the mine was released from the box and, since it was given some buoyancy, it floated up, hit the keel of the ship and exploded. This was, in general terms, the first submarine, the creator of which received the honorary name of the "father of the submarine" in the United States. Bouchnel became famous after a successful attack, carried out by her against the English 50-gun frigate "Eagle" in August 1776 during the American War of Independence. In general, it was a good start to the history of the submarine fleet. Her next pages were already connected with Europe.
In 1800, the American Fulton built the Nautilus submarine in France. It had a streamlined cigar shape with a length of 6 m and a diameter of 5 m. Otherwise, the Nautilus was very similar in design to the Tartu. Immersion was achieved by filling the ballast chamber (a), located in the lower part of the ship. The source of the submerged propulsion was the strength of the three-man team. The rotation of the handle (b) was transmitted to a two-bladed propeller (c), which provided the boat with translational motion. For movement on the surface, a sail (g) was used, mounted on a folding mast. The speed on the surface was 2-5 km / h, and in the submerged state about 7 km / h. Instead of the vertical Buchnel propeller, Fulton pioneered the use of two horizontal rudders located behind the hull, as in modern submarines. On board the Nautilus there was a compressed air tank that allowed it to stay under water for several hours. After several preliminary trials, Fulton's ship sailed down the Seine to Le Havre, where it made its first voyage. The tests were satisfactory: for 5 hours the boat with the entire crew was under water at a depth of 7 m. Other indicators were also good - the boat covered a distance of 450 m under water in 7 minutes. In August 1801, Fulton demonstrated the combat capabilities of his ship. For this purpose, the old brig was brought to the raid. The Nautilus approached him underwater and blew him up with a mine. However, the further fate of the Nautilus did not justify the hopes that the inventor had placed on him. During the transition from Le Havre to Cherbourg, he was overtaken by a storm and sank. All Fulton's attempts to build a new submarine (he offered his project not only to the French, but also to their enemies, the British) were unsuccessful. A new stage in the development of the submarine was the submarine "Submarine" Bourgeois and Brun, built in 1860. With its dimensions, it significantly exceeded all submarines built before that: length 42 m, width - 5 m, height - 6 m, displacement - 3 tons. For the first time, a compressed air motor was installed on this boat, which allowed it to at the time of the attack, develop a speed of about 420 km / h on the surface and 9 km / h under water. Other features of this ship include its weapons, which are more serious and practical than those of its predecessors. At the "Submariner" the mine was strengthened at the end of a rod 10 m long on the bow of the ship. This gave serious advantages, as it made it possible to attack the enemy on the move, which was completely impossible for previous boats. Firstly, due to its low speed, it was difficult for a submarine to approach under the bottom of the attacked ship, and secondly, if this could be done, then in the time it takes for the launched mine to emerge, the enemy would have managed to leave. The "submariner" had the opportunity, going across the moving ship, to hit him on board with a mine suspended at the end of the rod. On impact, the mine was supposed to explode. However, the Submariner himself, who was at a safe distance of 10 m, should not have suffered. To sink their ship, Bourgeois and Brun used a combination of several methods. The submarine had ballast water tanks, a vertical propeller and two horizontal rudders. For the first time, the Submariner also provided for purging tanks with compressed air, which significantly reduced the ascent time. Submarines were first used during the American Civil War of 1861-1865. At that time, the southerners were armed with several David submarines. These boats, however, did not sink completely under water - part of the cabin protruded above the surface of the sea, but still they could stealthily sneak up on the ships of the northerners. The length of the "David" was 20 m, width - 3 m. The boat was equipped with a steam engine and a dive rudder located in front of the hull. In February 1864, one of these submarines, under the command of Lieutenant Dixon, launched the Guzatanik corvette of northerners to the bottom, hitting it on board with its mine. The Guzatanik became the first victim of submarine warfare in history, and after that submarines ceased to be an object of pure invention and won the right to exist on a par with other warships. The next step in the history of submarine shipbuilding was the boats of the Russian inventor Dzhevetsky. The first model, created by him in 1879, had a pedal motor. A crew of four drove the propeller. Water and pneumatic pumps also worked from the foot drive. The first of them served to purify the air inside the ship. With its help, air was driven through a cylinder of caustic sodium, which absorbed carbon dioxide. The missing amount of oxygen was replenished from a spare cylinder. With the help of a water pump, water was pumped out of the ballast tanks. The boat was 4 meters long and 1 meters wide.
The boat was equipped with a periscope - a device for observing the surface from a submerged position. The periscope of the simplest design is a pipe, the upper end of which was extended above the surface of the water, and the lower end was inside the boat. Two inclined mirrors were installed in the tube: one at the upper end of the tube, the other at the bottom. Rays of light, reflected first from the upper mirror, then fell on the lower one and were reflected from it in the direction towards the observer's eye.
The armament of the boat consisted of a mine with special rubber suction cups and a fuse ignited by a current from a galvanic battery (the mine was attached to the bottom of a standing ship; then the boat sailed, unwinding the wire, to a safe distance; at the right moment, the circuit closed and an explosion occurred). On trials, the boat showed excellent maneuverability. She was the first serial boat adopted by the Russian army (a total of 50 such boats were made). In 1884, Drzewiecki first equipped his boat with an electric motor powered by a battery, which provided the boat with a speed of about 10 km / h for 7 hours. This was an important innovation. In the same year, the Swede Nordenfeld installed a steam engine on his submarine. Before diving, two boilers were filled with high-pressure steam, which allowed the submarine to swim for four hours under water at a speed of 7 km / h. Nordenfeld also fitted torpedoes to his boat for the first time. A torpedo (self-propelled mine) was a miniature submarine.
The first self-propelled mine was created by the English engineer Whitehead and his Austrian collaborator Luppi. The first tests took place in the city of Fiume in 1864. Then the mine passed 650 m at a speed of 13 km/h. The movement was carried out by a pneumatic engine, which received compressed air from a cylinder. In the future, until the First World War, the design of torpedoes did not undergo major changes. They were cigar-shaped. In front of the detonator and charge were placed. Further - a reservoir with compressed air, a regulator, an engine, a propeller and a steering wheel. The submarine, armed with torpedoes, became an exceptionally formidable enemy for all surface vessels. The firing of torpedoes took place with the help of torpedo tubes. The torpedo was fed along the rails to the hatch (a). The hatch opened, and the torpedo was laid inside the apparatus. After that, the outer hatch was opened, and the apparatus was filled with water. Compressed air was supplied from the cylinder (c) through the connection to the barrel of the apparatus. Then a torpedo with a running engine, propellers and rudders was released outside. The outer hatch was closed, and the water left it through the tube (c).
In subsequent years, submarines began to be equipped with gasoline internal combustion engines for navigation on the surface and electric motors (battery powered) for movement under water. Submarines improved rapidly. They could quickly float up and disappear under water. This was achieved due to the thoughtful design of ballast tanks, which were now divided according to their purpose into two main types: main ballast tanks and auxiliary ballast tanks. The first tanks were designed to absorb the buoyancy of an underwater ship when it moved from the surface to the underwater position (they were divided into bow, stern and middle). The auxiliary ballast tanks included trim tanks located at opposite ends of the hull (fore and aft), a surge tank and a quick dive tank. Each of them had a special purpose. With the filling of the fast dive tank, the submarine acquired negative buoyancy and rapidly went under water. Trim tanks served to align the trim, that is, the angle of inclination of the hull of the submarine and bring it to an "even keel". With their help, it was possible to balance the bow and stern of the submarine, so that its hull occupied a strictly horizontal position. Such a submarine could easily be controlled underwater. An important event for submarines was the invention of marine diesel. The fact is that swimming under water with a gasoline engine was very dangerous. Despite all precautions, volatile gasoline vapors accumulated inside the boat and could be ignited by the slightest spark. As a result, quite often explosions occurred, accompanied by human casualties. The world's first diesel submarine "Minoga" was built in Russia. It was designed by Ivan Bubnov, the chief designer at the Baltic shipyard. The diesel boat project was developed by Bubnov in early 1905. Construction began the following year. Two diesel engines for the "Lamprey", as mentioned above, were manufactured at the Nobel plant in St. Petersburg. The construction of the "Lamprey" was accompanied by several acts of sabotage (in March 1908 there was a fire in the battery compartment, in October 1909 someone poured emery into the bearings of the main engines). However, it was not possible to find the perpetrators of these crimes. Launching took place in 1908.
The power plant "Lamprey" consisted of two diesel engines, an electric motor and a battery. Diesels and an electric motor were installed in one line and worked on one propeller. All motors were connected to the propeller shaft using disconnecting couplings, so that, at the request of the captain, the shaft could be connected to one or two diesel engines or an electric motor. One of the diesel engines could be connected to an electric motor and set it into rotation. In this case, the electric motor worked as a generator and charged the batteries. The battery consisted of two groups of 33 batteries each with a maintenance corridor between them. The length of the "Lamprey" is 32 m. The speed on the surface is about 20 km / h, under water - 8,5 km / h. Armament - two bow torpedo tubes. Author: Ryzhov K.V.
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