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BUILDER, HOUSEHOLDER
We choose a fireplace. Tips for the home master
Directory / Builder, home master Fireplaces are among the most ancient heating devices that were used to heat homes. Archaeological excavations show that an open fireplace with a smoke vent was used by people as early as 820. The tradition of celebrating the New Year in a country house may not be new, but it is becoming more and more popular. The snowstorms have already covered solid snowdrifts around, the frosts have painted the windows with their mysterious floral patterns, and inside it is warm and cozy. And, of course, the New Year mood is special if the house has a fireplace. A fireplace is no longer a rarity: many companies offer a variety of designs, even all kinds of electrical imitations of it. But how can even the simplest, self-made heating device that does not have any pretentiousness compare with them? A fireplace made by oneself is always a double pleasure: here is the warmth of a living open flame, and a sense of satisfaction that he could, he could. Of course, first I had to seriously study the relevant literature, to understand the features of the technology. Currently, a fireplace is an indispensable accessory of public recreation facilities; it can often be seen in the houses of amateur gardeners, and in summer cottages, in country cottages. One of the most important functions of a fireplace is to create comfort and a special sincere atmosphere. For the sake of these advantages, you can sacrifice its shortcomings. But they are, and you need to know about them if you decide to acquire such a tempting heating device. The fact is that the fireplace is a kind of oven of a simplified design: it has an open firebox with a large hole and a direct smoke channel without smoke turns (which, by the way, can, together with hot smoke, pull almost all the heat out of the room). The fireplace transfers heat by radiation, therefore it heats while it burns, and its efficiency does not exceed 10 - 15%. Thus, as the main heating device, it is impractical.
Table 1. The dependence of the dimensions of the fireplace (mm) on the area of the room (m2) However, the fireplace has a number of advantages. It radiates heat immediately after kindling, which is important for garden houses during their short visit in the autumn-winter period. A large flow of air passing through the firebox contributes to good ventilation of the room, prevents dampness and mustiness, which is especially required for rooms facing north, which almost do not see the sun. Fireplaces on execution can be of three types: built-in, attached and open ("island"). Built-in fireplace It takes up little space, but it can only be done in a brick house at the same time as laying the walls, since part of the firebox and the entire chimney are located in the thickness of the wall. The facade of the built-in fireplace of the classical type ("English") is shown on the splash screen, and its section is shown in Figure 2. The entrance of the firebox is framed by a protruding half-brick masonry - this is the portal of the fireplace. To improve the reflective properties of the firebox in the cross section has the shape of a trapezoid. The rear wall of the firebox rises vertically by 360 mm and then breaks forward at an angle of 20°, forming a reflective mirror that directs radiation towards the floor. The mirror rises above the portal by 150 - 200 mm. Above the mirror there is a smoke chamber (smoke collector), the base of which is a smoke cornice ("tooth"). Its width is taken to be the same as that of the chimney, or a little more. In the area of \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbthe "smoke tooth" a window is arranged behind or on the side for cleaning accumulating soot. Under the fireplace and the portal should be above the floor level. In front of the portal and on its sides, a floor is made of bricks laid on edge. The area of the portal is assumed to be approximately 1/50 of the area of the room. With a larger area of \u0,7b\u0,1bthe portal, the room will be strongly ventilated, with a smaller one, the fireplace will heat slightly. The hearth area is assumed to be 0,15, and the chimney cross section is XNUMX - XNUMX of the portal area. The main dimensions of the fireplace are shown in the table. To improve the burning of firewood under the firebox, it has a grate. Often they make a solid hearth (see Fig. 2), and a lattice metal basket is placed on it for firewood. The top of the portal is laid out on a concrete or brick lintel. To support the bricks, steel corners (30x30 mm), a channel (130 mm) or a steel strip 5–6 mm thick are used. Their ends are embedded in the side walls by 100 mm. Attached fireplaces This can be done anywhere in the house. The chimney is attached to a fireproof wall or partition or attached to the chimney of an existing furnace above the furnace valves. Then the stove and fireplace can be used independently of each other or at the same time. Figure 4 shows the facade and section of a wall fireplace. It is built on a brick base. The side walls are laid out in half a brick, their width can be 380-510 mm. The smoke collector is made of metal, its cord or clay mortar with asbestos chips. If the wall is wooden, then it is thermally insulated: fireproof insulation is made - a brick wall (in half a brick) for the entire height of the room. This part of the wooden wall is first upholstered with tin or roofing iron, and then covered with a layer of felt, abundantly moistened with clay mortar. Brickwork is reinforced with steel wire, which is nailed to the wall every 2-3 rows of bricks.
The insulating wall can repeat the shape of the fireplace and chimney, extending beyond them in either direction by 250-300 mm. Since this whole structure (insulation wall plus fireplace) is heavy, you will have to make a foundation. It is laid out from stones or broken bricks with crushed stone on a cement-sand mortar. Below the floor, waterproofing is made of two layers of roofing material, and a cement-sand screed is made at the level of the clean floor. If a foundation is not required, then an additional beam should still be laid under the floor boards. There are many different options for decorating fireplaces. In particular, fireplaces of an attached type can be made of rubble stone; options with concrete fireboxes are acceptable. Figures 1 and 3 show various fireplaces. Among them, those that have a portal in the form of an arch stand out. The arches are laid out simultaneously from both sides along a wooden circle, which supports the stacked bricks or stones. It is removed by completing the masonry; one or three large stones are installed at the top - a castle. The most common options for attached fireplaces, the main material for the manufacture of which is brick. Such a fireplace can have a brick-concrete base, and as a smoke box - a hanging cap made of sheet metal. Along the edges of the base box, you can make stands for skewers. Open ("island") fireplaces They are intended for installation away from the walls - for example, in the middle of the room on a round or square platform raised above the floor by 350 - 500 mm. A round or square smoke box and a sheet metal chimney are hung above it; they can be made of bricks. An "island" metal fireplace can be made from an iron pipe or barrel with a diameter of 800 - 1000 mm. The stand of such a fireplace is brick or concrete with embedded anchor bolts for attaching the barrel. The console platform under the firebox is metal, asbestos is laid on it, a cement screed is made and the surface is finished with ceramic tiles. Various materials can be used for the external design of fireplaces - natural stones of all kinds, including irregular shapes, small, medium and large sizes and surface structures, bricks, tiles, tiles, wood, non-ferrous and ferrous metals, building ceramics, plaster with various techniques application. Forged fireplace tools, firewood baskets (Fig. 6), as well as chasing, medallions, ceramics, etc. serve as a good decoration. But you should not overload the fireplace with various decorations, they should be in moderation. The fireplace must be placed in the middle of the wall or so that at least one meter of wall sections remain on its sides. The fireplace should not be placed on the aisle, as well as in places where there may be drafts, that is, between window or door openings in opposite or adjacent walls. In such places it will smoke. The finished brick fireplace, as well as the stove, is first dried with periodic fireboxes for several hours. Before you kindle the fireplace, it is recommended to burn a newspaper rolled into a bundle in it to form the initial thrust. Firewood is stacked in a slide with support on the back wall of the firebox. For the firebox, it is best to use birch, aspen and alder firewood. Aspen chocks are especially good - they give an even white flame, do not "shoot" and do not smoke. For flavor, you can throw two or three sprigs of cherry, apple or juniper into the fire. Hearth So, in fact, the word "fireplace" is translated from Latin. In essence, this is really the simplest hearth: a stone niche for a fire and channels for air access and smoke removal. In a niche (or firebox), firewood can be laid on a solid hearth, but for better burning, a tagan is installed under them or a metal grate is built in, through which the supply of fresh air necessary for burning fuel is ensured. Like a regular fire, a fireplace melts quickly, so it is often arranged instead of a stove in periodically visited rooms - for example, garden houses. However, with all the attractiveness of such a hearth, it should be noted that its dignity is its own disadvantage: it heats only the visible, closely located area of the room with its radiant heat. This suffers from simple fireplace schemes (Fig.), Used, for example, in English castles. These are the so-called closed fireplaces: they have a furnace space and a chimney in the wall massif. To eliminate this shortcoming, attempts were made to improve the design of fireplaces, aimed at increasing the degree of use of radiation and heat from gases. A scheme appeared with the inclination of the back and side walls of the furnace inside it, due to which the reflective efficiency of heat increased - the so-called old German fireplace, related to devices with pure radiation. Fireplaces warmed the room even better in versions that, along with radiation, also provided additional convective air heating, due to the fact that the side and rear walls of the furnace were made double, where natural air circulation was carried out in the inner casing.
Back in the XNUMXth century, a fireplace was made with a heater built into the furnace, which was a "box" with channels for cold air inlet and heated air outlet. The next step was the device of smoke circulation, as in furnaces, which led to the appearance, in essence, of fireplace stoves. The only difference is that smoke circulations were provided thanks to metal pipes built into the channel in which air freely circulated: rising along the pipes red-hot from the firebox, it instantly heated up and went into the room through a special hole - the air vent. The same principle was used in the variants with brick chimneys. All this brought closed (built into the main walls) and half-open (attached to the wall) fireplaces closer to the design of stoves. It is no coincidence that a kind of symbiosis appeared when the fireplace began to dock with the stove. And only the third type of fireplaces - open, free-standing in the room - retained the original independence of the ancient hearth. They can be located even in the middle of the room, differing in aesthetic and decorative winning properties. For example, it can be made entirely of metal - copper, steel sheets, blackened tin. The elements are connected by welding or riveting. Variants of forms and pattern of joints provide such fireplaces with individual artistry. Such fireplaces look especially impressive in the form of bell caps suspended above the furnace platform, with chimneys attached to the ceiling on wire extensions, with pyramidal or conical smoke collectors above burning logs. Common elements Which fireplace design to prefer depends not only on the shape, but also on the area and volume of the room. Moreover, most circuits are characterized by common functional elements of their device. The firebox (furnace niche), as a rule, should be proportional in size to the room itself (Fig. and Table). The thrust force of the fireplace will also depend on them, which will also be affected by the angle of inclination of the walls of the firebox, the cross section and height of the pipe. Whether the fireplace will smoke depends on how the height, width and depth of the niche correspond to the cross section and height of the chimney. As a rule, the parameters of the firebox should be as follows: height - from 3/5 to 4/5 of its width, and depth - half or 2/3 of its height. The back wall of the furnace niche is tilted inward by 20 - 22 ° from about a third of its height, and the firebox is narrowed at the top to form a neck - all this contributes to increased traction. A protrusion is arranged here - a gas threshold (smoke tooth) in order to avoid the collision of the ascending and descending smoke flow, which causes the fireplace to smoke and carry soot into the room. At the same level (20 cm from the furnace hole), a damper (flat retractable or rotary) is installed in the neck - to regulate draft and "turn off" the fireplace from the chimney. Above the damper, the chimney is a tapering pyramid, the upper part of which passes into the chimney. The chimney of the fireplace must ensure the effective removal of gases and smoke formed in the firebox. To create normal draft, the cross section of the chimney must not be less than 140x270 mm. The optimal cross-section of the chimney is from 1/10 to 1/12 (and in more favorable cases - 1/15) of the size of the furnace opening. At the intersection of the overlap, the pipe has a broadened part - cutting (for fire protection purposes).
An important element of the pipe is its upper part, the head. To ensure traction, it should be simple (Fig.), Without final cornices or protrusions. For fire safety, a metal cap with a blank roof and a fine-mesh wire mesh (no more than 5,5 mm) is put on the head. The height of the chimney from the grate to the mouth must be, according to the new rules, at least 5 meters, and its upper visible part should rise above the roof or above the roof ridge by at least 0,5 m. fireplace stove It is optimal for a small room like "garden house". The stove itself should be compact and economical, and the fireplace attached to it should have an area of \u0,5b\u2b750 m750 (200x35 mm). For its masonry, about XNUMX pieces of red and XNUMX pieces of refractory (or well-burnt red) bricks will be required. The fireplace stove is distinguished by the simplicity of the device. Its main elements are a brick base and a smoke box made of metal sheet. To ensure optimal combustion of firewood, a trellised stand (grate) should be installed on the firebox. The fireplace is installed on a foundation of rubble stone and a sand cushion. Foundation laying depth - 800-100 mm, sand layer at the bottom - 200 - 300 mm. Under the firebox of the fireplace lay out a platform of bricks mounted on the edge. Under it, in order to protect the brickwork from moisture penetration, waterproofing is installed from two layers of roofing material. The smoke collector of the fireplace is connected to the furnace channels in the area of its third smoke circuit. The junction is sealed with asbestos cord, fiberglass or clay with the addition of asbestos chips. The laying of the furnace shield of the fireplace-stove is carried out in the following order. 1st and 2nd rows of masonry - from a whole brick. In the 3rd row, a blower door is installed with support on the 2nd row of masonry. After laying the 4th row, a grate is installed in the 5th row with a gap of at least 10 mm from the walls. In the masonry of the 6th and 7th rows, a furnace door is installed, reinforced with reinforcing wire. The 8th row covers the furnace hole. Here a cast-iron slab is laid, under which the bricks of the 9th row are cut by 20 - 30 mm. After laying the 10th row, a cooking chamber is installed and the 11th - 13th rows are formed. On the 14th row, the cooking chamber is covered with flat bricks, using metal corners and strip iron. On the 15th - 17th rows, the fireplace smoke collector is attached to the furnace wall through the fireplace damper. On orders 18-25, it can be seen that the chimney and chimney at the stove and fireplace are common. Chimney section - 140x140 mm. On the 25th row, a furnace valve is installed in the chimney. Rows 26-31 complete the pipe laying. Through the ceiling, the pipe is carried out in compliance with fire safety rules, arranging a brick cut 380 mm wide.
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