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BIOGRAPHIES OF GREAT SCIENTISTS
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich Biography of a scientist
Directory / Biographies of great scientists
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is an outstanding scientist, the pride of Russian science, "the world's first physiologist," as his colleagues called him at one of the international congresses. He was awarded the Nobel Prize, he was elected an honorary member of one hundred and thirty academies and scientific societies. None of the Russian scientists of that time, even Mendeleev, received such fame abroad. "This is a star that illuminates the world, shedding light on paths not yet explored," HG Wells said about him. He was called "a romantic, almost legendary personality", "a citizen of the world". Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14 (26), 1849 in Ryazan. His mother, Varvara Ivanovna, came from a family of a priest; father, Pyotr Dmitrievich, was a priest who first served in a poor parish, but thanks to his pastoral zeal, eventually became the rector of one of the best churches in Ryazan. From early childhood, Pavlov adopted from his father perseverance in achieving goals and a constant desire for self-improvement. At the request of his parents, Pavlov attended the initial course of the theological seminary, and in 1860 he entered the Ryazan Theological School. There he was able to continue studying the subjects that interested him most, in particular, the natural sciences. Seminarian Ivan Pavlov excelled particularly in terms of discussions. He remained an avid debater for life, did not like it when people agreed with him, and rushed at the enemy, striving to refute his arguments. In his father's vast library, Ivan once found a book by G. G. Levy with colorful pictures that struck his imagination once and for all. It was called "Physiology of everyday life". Read twice, as his father taught him to do with each book (a rule that his son followed strictly in the future), "Physiology of Everyday Life" sunk so deep into his soul that, already an adult, "the first physiologist of the world" at every opportunity to memory quoted entire pages from there. And who knows - he would have become a physiologist if this unexpected meeting with science had not happened in childhood, so skillfully, with enthusiasm set forth. His passionate desire to study science, especially biology, was reinforced by reading the popular books of D. Pisarev, a publicist and critic, a revolutionary democrat, whose work led Pavlov to study the theory of Charles Darwin. In the late sixties, the Russian government changed its prescription, allowing students of theological seminaries to continue their education in secular educational institutions. Fascinated by the natural sciences, in 1870 Pavlov entered St. Petersburg University in the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. Student Ivan Pavlov plunged headlong into the teachings. He settled with one of his Ryazan friends here, on Vasilievsky Island, not far from the university, in the house of Baroness Rahl. Money was tight. The koshta was not enough. Moreover, as a result of transfers from the legal department to the natural sciences, student Pavlov, as a latecomer, lost his scholarship and now he had to rely only on himself. I had to earn extra money with private lessons, translations, in the student canteen, lean mainly on free bread, flavoring it with mustard for a change, since they gave it as much as they wanted. And at that time, Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya, a student of women's courses, became his closest friend, who also came to St. Petersburg to study and dreamed of becoming a teacher. When she, having finished her studies, left for a remote province to work in a rural school, Ivan Pavlov began to pour out his soul in letters. His interest in physiology increased after he read I. Sechenov's book "Reflexes of the Brain", but he managed to master this subject only after he was trained in the laboratory of I. Zion, who studied the role of depressor nerves. As spellbound, the student Pavlov listened to the professor's explanations. “We were directly struck by his masterfully simple presentation of the most complex physiological issues,” he will write later, “and his truly artistic ability to set up experiments. Such a teacher is not forgotten for a lifetime. Under his guidance, I did my first physiological work.” Pavlov's first scientific study was the study of the secretory innervation of the pancreas. For him, I. Pavlov and M. Afanasiev were awarded the gold medal of the university. After receiving the title of candidate of natural sciences in 1875, Pavlov entered the third year of the Medico-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg (later reorganized into the Military Medical Academy), where he hoped to become an assistant to Zion, who shortly before that was appointed ordinary professor of the Department of Physiology. However, Zion left Russia after government officials blocked the appointment after learning of his Jewish heritage. Refusing to work with Zion's successor, Pavlov became an assistant at the Veterinary Institute, where he continued to study digestion and circulation for two years. In the summer of 1877 he worked in Breslau, Germany, with Rudolf Heidenhain, a specialist in digestion. The following year, at the invitation of S. Botkin, Pavlov began working in the physiological laboratory at his clinic in Breslau, not yet having a medical degree, which Pavlov received in 1879. In the laboratory of Botkin, Pavlov actually supervised all pharmacological and physiological research. In the same year, Ivan Petrovich began research on the physiology of digestion, which continued for more than twenty years. Many of Pavlov's studies in the eighties concerned the circulatory system, in particular, the regulation of heart function and blood pressure. In 1881, a happy event happened: Ivan Petrovich married Serafima Vasilievna Karchevskaya, from whom he had four sons and a daughter. However, the decade that began so well was the most difficult for him and for his family. "There was not enough money to buy furniture, kitchen, dining and tea utensils," his wife recalled. Endless wanderings in other people's apartments: for a long time the Pavlovs lived with their brother Dmitry in the university apartment that was supposed to be for him; the gravest misfortune - the death of the first-born, and literally a year later again the unexpected death of a young son; Serafima Vasilievna's despair, her prolonged illness. All this unsettled, took away the strength so necessary for scientific studies. And there was a year that Pavlov's wife would call "desperate," when Ivan Petrovich's courage betrayed him. He lost faith in his abilities and in the ability to radically change the life of the family. And then Serafima Vasilievna, who was no longer the enthusiastic student who began her family life, began to cheer and console her husband and finally brought him out of deep melancholy. At her insistence, Ivan Petrovich came to grips with his dissertation. After a long struggle with the administration of the Military Medical Academy (with whom relations became strained after his reaction to Zion's dismissal), Pavlov defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1883, describing the nerves that control the functions of the heart. He was appointed Privatdozent to the Academy, but was forced to refuse this appointment due to additional work in Leipzig with Heidenhain and Karl Ludwig, two of the most eminent physiologists of the time. Two years later, Pavlov returned to Russia. Subsequently, he will write sparingly about this, describing such a difficult decade in a few sentences: laboratory ... Thus, suddenly there were both sufficient funds and a wide opportunity to do whatever you want in the laboratory. By 1890, Pavlov's works were recognized by scientists around the world. Since 1891, he was in charge of the physiological department of the Institute of Experimental Medicine, organized with his active participation; at the same time, he remained the head of physiological research at the Military Medical Academy, where he worked from 1895 to 1925. Being left-handed from birth, like his father, Pavlov constantly trained his right hand and, as a result, was so good with both hands that, according to the recollections of colleagues, “assisting him during operations was a very difficult task: it was never known which hand he would be act in the next moment. He stitched his right and left hand at such a speed that two people could hardly manage to feed him needles with suture material. " In his research, Pavlov used the methods of the mechanistic and holistic schools of biology and philosophy, which were considered incompatible. As a representative of mechanism, Pavlov believed that a complex system, such as the circulatory or digestive systems, could be understood by examining each of their parts in turn; as a representative of the "philosophy of wholeness" he felt that these parts should be studied in an intact, living and healthy animal. For this reason, he opposed the traditional methods of vivisection, in which living laboratory animals were operated on without anesthesia to observe the functioning of their individual organs. Considering that an animal dying on the operating table and in pain cannot respond adequately to a healthy one, Pavlov acted on it surgically in such a way as to observe the activity of internal organs without disturbing their functions and the state of the animal. Pavlov's skill in this difficult surgery was unsurpassed. Moreover, he insisted on maintaining the same level of care, anesthesia and cleanliness as in human operations. Using these methods, Pavlov and his colleagues showed that each section of the digestive system - salivary and duodenal glands, stomach, pancreas and liver - adds certain substances to food in their various combinations, breaking it down into absorbable units of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. After isolating several digestive enzymes, Pavlov began to study their regulation and interaction. In 1904, Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his work on the physiology of digestion, which has led to a clearer understanding of the vital aspects of this subject." In a speech at the award ceremony, K. A. G. Merner of the Karolinska Institute praised Pavlov's contributions to the physiology and chemistry of the digestive system. “Thanks to the work of Pavlov, we were able to advance in the study of this problem further than in all previous years,” Merner said. “Now we have a comprehensive understanding of the influence of one section of the digestive system on another, i. ready to work together." Throughout his scientific life, Pavlov retained an interest in the influence of the nervous system on the activity of internal organs. At the beginning of the XNUMXth century, his experiments on the digestive system led to the study of conditioned reflexes. In one of the experiments, called "imaginary feeding", Pavlov acted simply and in an original way. He made two "windows": one - in the wall of the stomach, the other - in the esophagus. Now the food that was fed to the operated and cured dog did not reach the stomach, fell out of the hole in the esophagus. But the stomach had time to receive a signal that food had entered the body, and began to prepare for work: to intensively secrete the juice necessary for digestion. It could be safely taken from the second hole and examined without interference. The dog could swallow the same portion of food for hours, which did not get further than the esophagus, and the experimenter worked at this time with abundantly flowing gastric juice. It was possible to vary the food and observe how the chemical composition of the gastric juice changes accordingly. But the main thing was different. For the first time, it was possible to experimentally prove that the work of the stomach depends on the nervous system and is controlled by it. Indeed, in the experiments of imaginary feeding, food did not enter directly into the stomach, but it began to work. Therefore, he received the command along the nerves coming from the mouth and esophagus. At the same time, it was worth cutting the nerves leading to the stomach - and the juice ceased to stand out. It was simply impossible to prove the regulatory role of the nervous system in digestion in other ways. Ivan Petrovich was the first to do this, leaving far behind his foreign colleagues and even R. Heidenhain himself, whose authority was recognized by everyone in Europe and to whom Pavlov had recently traveled to gain experience. "Any phenomenon in the external world can be turned into a temporary signal of an object that stimulates the salivary glands," Pavlov wrote, "if the stimulation of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity by this object is re-associated ... with the impact of a certain external phenomenon on other sensitive surfaces of the body." Struck by the power of conditioned reflexes, which shed light on psychology and physiology, after 1902 Pavlov concentrated his scientific interests on the study of higher nervous activity. At the institute, which was located not far from St. Petersburg, in the town of Koltushi, Pavlov created the only laboratory in the world for the study of higher nervous activity. Its center was the famous "Tower of Silence" - a special room that allowed the experimental animal to be placed in complete isolation from the outside world. Investigating the reactions of dogs to external stimuli, Pavlov found that reflexes are conditioned and unconditioned, that is, inherent in the animal from birth. This was his second major discovery in the field of physiology. Devoted to his work and highly organized in all aspects of his work, be it operations, lecturing, or conducting experiments, Pavlov took a break during the summer months; at this time he was enthusiastically engaged in gardening and reading historical literature. As one of his colleagues recalled, "he was always ready for joy and drew it from hundreds of sources." One of Pavlov's hobbies was playing solitaire. As with any great scientist, many anecdotes have been preserved about him. However, among them there are none that would testify to his academic absent-mindedness. Pavlov was a very neat and precise person. The position of the greatest Russian scientist protected Pavlov from the political conflicts that abounded in the revolutionary events in Russia at the beginning of the century. So, after the establishment of Soviet power, a special decree signed by Lenin was issued on the creation of conditions that would ensure the work of Pavlov. This was all the more remarkable because most scientists were at that time under the supervision of state bodies, which often interfered in their scientific work. Known for his tenacity and perseverance in achieving his goal, Pavlov was considered by some of his colleagues and students to be a pedant. At the same time, he was highly respected in the scientific world, and his personal enthusiasm and cordiality won him numerous friends. Pavlov died on February 27, 1936 in Leningrad from pneumonia. Speaking about his scientific work, Pavlov wrote: "Whatever I do, I constantly think that I serve it, as much as my strength allows, first of all, my fatherland, our Russian science." The Academy of Sciences established a gold medal and the I. Pavlov Prize for the best work in the field of physiology. Author: Samin D.K.
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