|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
BIOGRAPHIES OF GREAT SCIENTISTS
Dalton John. Biography of a scientist
Directory / Biographies of great scientists
John Dalton was born on September 6, 1766 into a poor family in the northern English village of Eaglesfield. From an early age, he had to help his parents support the family. At the age of thirteen, he completed his studies at a local school and became a teacher's assistant himself. But the salary was meager, and John went in search of a better share in Kendal. Here in the autumn of 1781 he became a teacher of mathematics. The room that was assigned to him in the men's boarding school at the school was modestly furnished, but a life full of hardships did not accustom him to extravagance. Moreover, in the new room, the young teacher felt like in a palace. After all, its shelves were full of books. Now John Dalton had every opportunity to expand his knowledge, and he read, read, read ... Simultaneously with reading, John did not abandon his favorite pastime - constant observations of the weather. The first thing he did was hang a barometer on the wall. Meteorological observations (the processing of the results of which made it possible to discover gas laws) Dalton was engaged in all his life. With the greatest care he made daily notes and registered more than two hundred thousand observations. He made his last entry a few hours before his death. Scientific research Dalton began in 1787 with observations and experimental study of air. He intensively studied mathematics, using the rich school library. Gradually, he began to independently develop new mathematical problems and solutions, and after that he wrote his first scientific works in this area. Dalton, always in search of knowledge, very soon won the respect of not only his colleagues, but also the citizens of the city of Kendal. Four years later, he became the director of the school. During this time he became close to Dr. Charles Hutton, editor of several journals at the Royal Military Academy. Designed for the general public, they often placed articles of a scientific nature on their pages. This was due to the doctor's desire to popularize science. Dalton became one of the regular authors of these almanacs: many of his scientific works were published in them. For his contribution to the development of mathematics and philosophy, he received several high awards. The name of John Dalton was already known not only in Kendal. He also lectures in Manchester. And in 1793 he moved there and taught at the New College. Dalton liked the new job. In addition to his college classes, he also gave private lessons, mostly in mathematics. He brought with him the manuscript of Meteorological Observations and Etudes, which delighted the publisher of Pennsville. In addition to describing the barometer, thermometer, hygrometer and other instruments and apparatus and presenting the results of long-term observations, Dalton skillfully analyzed in it the processes of cloud formation, evaporation, distribution of precipitation, morning northern winds, and so on. The manuscript was immediately printed, and the monograph was met with great interest. A year after his arrival in Manchester, Dalton became a member of the Literary and Philosophical Society. He regularly attended all meetings at which members of the Society reported on the results of their research. In 1800 he was elected secretary, in May 1808 - vice-president, and from 1817 until the end of his life he was president. In the autumn of 1794 he gave a lecture on color blindness. Dalton found that among his students, some cannot distinguish colors at all, and some often confuse them. They saw green as red, or vice versa, but there were those who confused blue and yellow. Today we call this special defect of vision color blindness. In total, Dalton made 119 reports to the Society. In 1799 Dalton left New College and became not only the most expensive but also the most revered private tutor in Manchester. Time now belonged to him. He taught in wealthy families no more than two hours a day, and then engaged in science. His attention was increasingly drawn to gases and gas mixtures. Air is also a mixture of gases. The results of the experiments turned out to be interesting. The pressure of a given gas enclosed in a vessel of constant volume remained unchanged. Then Dalton injected a second gas. The resulting mixture had a higher pressure, but it was equal to the sum of the pressures of the two gases. The pressure of an individual gas remained unchanged. “It follows from my experiments that the pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that gases have if they are separately introduced into this vessel under the same conditions. If the pressure of an individual gas in a mixture is called partial, then this pattern can be formulated as follows: the pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases of which it is composed," wrote Dalton. "From here we can draw important conclusions! It is clear that the state of a gas in a vessel does not depend on the presence of other gases. This, of course, is easily explained by their corpuscular structure. Therefore, corpuscles or atoms of one gas are evenly distributed among the atoms of another gas, but behave as if there were no other gas in the vessel. Continuing the study of gases, Dalton made several more fundamental discoveries - the law of uniform expansion of gases when heated (1802), the law of multiple ratios (1803), the phenomenon of polymerization (for example, ethylene and butylene). But the scientist was haunted by atoms. What is actually known about them? If atoms exist, then it would be necessary to explain all the properties of substances, all laws on the basis of atomic theory. That's what chemistry lacks - a true theory of the structure of matter! Fascinated by the new idea, Dalton engaged in persistent research. It is necessary, first of all, to get a clear idea about atoms. What are their characteristic features? Are atoms of one element different from atoms of another? Is there any way, despite the fact that they are negligible and invisible to the naked eye, to establish their weight, shape, size ... Several years of hard work - and the results were not long in coming. On September 6, 1803, Dalton wrote down the first table of atomic weights in his laboratory journal. He first mentioned the atomic theory in a lecture "On the Absorption of Gases by Water and Other Liquids" given on 21 October 1803 at the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society: “All previously existing theories of corpuscles agree that these are small identical balls. I believe that the atoms (the smallest indivisible particles) of one element are the same among themselves, but differ from the atoms of other elements. If at the moment nothing can be said about their size certain, then we can talk about their main physical property: atoms have weight. In confirmation of this, let me read out my second work: "The first table of relative weights of the final particles of bodies." An atom cannot be isolated and weighed. If we assume that atoms are connected to each other in the simplest ratios, and analyze complex substances, and then compare the weight percentages of elements with the weight percentage of the lightest of them, you can get interesting values.These data show how many times the atom of one element is heavier than the atom of the lightest element.Pay attention to the first table of these scales. It is in front of you. The lightest element was hydrogen. This means that its atom a lot of weight should be conditionally taken as a unit ... " In December 1803 - May 1804 Dalton gave a course of lectures on relative atomic weights at the Royal Institution in London. Dalton developed the atomic theory in his second book, A New System of Chemical Philosophy, published in 1808. In it, he emphasizes two points: all chemical reactions are the result of the combination or division of atoms, all atoms of different elements have different weights. At the end of 1809, Dalton went to London, where he met and talked with the leading scientists in England, visited the laboratories, got acquainted with their work. Especially often he talked with Humphrey Davy. The young explorer was filled with ideas. Dalton got acquainted with the new elements discovered by Davy - potassium and sodium. Despite the exceptional modesty of character, the fame of the scientist grew day by day. It was already talked about outside of England. Dalton's atomic theory interested European scientists. In 1816, Dalton was elected a corresponding member of the Paris Academy of Sciences. The following year, he was president of the Manchester Society, and in 1818 the British government appointed him scientific expert on the expedition of Sir John Ross, who personally handed over the appointment to the scientist. But Dalton remained in England. He preferred quiet work in the office, not wanting to scatter and waste precious time. Research to determine atomic weights continued. The results got more and more accurate. New ideas came, interesting assumptions arose, it was necessary to recalculate and correct the results of the analyzes of many scientists. Not only British scientists, but also scientists from France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Russia closely followed his achievements. In 1822 Dalton became a Fellow of the Royal Society. Shortly thereafter, he left for France. The scientific circles of Paris gave Dalton a warm welcome. He attended several meetings, read a number of reports, talked with many scientists. Dalton's great scientific work was universally recognized. In 1826, the British government awarded the scientist with a golden order for his discoveries in the field of chemistry and physics, and mainly for the creation of the atomic theory. The order was presented at a solemn meeting of the Royal Society of London. Sir Humphry Davy delivered a great speech. In the following years, Dalton was elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin, the scientific society in Moscow, the Academy in Munich. In France, to recognize the achievements of the world's foremost scientists, the Paris Academy of Sciences has elected its honorary council. It consisted of eleven of the most famous scientists in Europe. English science was represented by Humphry Davy. After his death this place was taken by John Dalton. In 1831, Dalton received an invitation from York to honor the founding meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science with his presence. In 1832 Dalton was awarded the highest distinction of Oxford University. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws. Of the naturalists of that time, only Faraday was awarded such an honor. And the British government was forced to become interested in the fate of Dalton. In 1833 he was granted a pension. The government's decision was read out at a ceremonial meeting at Cambridge University. Dalton, despite his advanced age, continued to work hard and make presentations. However, with the advent of old age, illnesses more and more often overcame, it became more and more difficult to work. On July 27, 1844, Dalton died. Author: Samin D.K.
Machine for thinning flowers in gardens
02.05.2024 Advanced Infrared Microscope
02.05.2024 Air trap for insects
01.05.2024
▪ Silicon retains conductivity at ultra-low charge levels ▪ Celeron 1019Y processor for ultrabooks ▪ More and more carbon dioxide
▪ radio section of the website. Article selection ▪ article An offer you can't refuse. Popular expression ▪ article How to distinguish a boiled egg from a raw one? Detailed answer ▪ article The functional composition of Beko TVs. Directory ▪ article Repair of rubber raincoats. Simple recipes and tips ▪ article VHF converter for 144 MHz. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page