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BIOGRAPHIES OF GREAT SCIENTISTS
Hippocrates. Biography of a scientist
Directory / Biographies of great scientists
Every doctor, starting his professional career, certainly remembers Hippocrates. When he receives a diploma, he pronounces an oath, consecrated by his name. Except for another Greek doctor - Galen, who lived a little later than Hippocrates, no one else could have such an impact on the development of European medicine. Hippocrates was born on the island of Kos in 460 BC. The civilization and language of this island colonized by the Dorians was Ionian. Hippocrates belonged to the Asclepiad family, a corporation of doctors that claimed to be descended from Asclepius, the great physician of Homer's time (Asclepius was considered a god only after Homer). Among the Asklepiades, purely human medical knowledge was passed down from father to son, from teacher to student. The sons of Hippocrates, his son-in-law and numerous students were doctors. The corporation of Asklepiades, which is also called the Kos school, preserved in the XNUMXth century BC, like any cultural corporation of that time, purely religious forms and customs; so, for example, they adopted an oath that closely connected students with a teacher, with brothers in the profession. However, this religious character of the corporation, if it required conventional norms of behavior, in no way limited the search for truth, which remained strictly scientific. Hippocrates received his initial medical education from his father, the doctor Heraclid, and other doctors of the island, then, with the aim of scientific improvement, he traveled a lot in his youth and studied medicine in different countries according to the practice of local doctors and according to votive tables, which were hung everywhere in the walls of the temples of Aesculapius. The history of his life is little known; there are legends and stories related to his biography, but they are legendary. The name of Hippocrates, like Homer, subsequently became a collective name, and many of the seventy or so works attributed to him, as found out in modern times, belong to other authors, mainly his sons, the doctors Thessalus and Dragon, and son-in-law Polybus. Galen recognized as authentic 11 Hippocrates, Galler - 18, and Kovner - undoubtedly authentic only 8 works from the Hippocratic Code. These are treatises - "On winds", "On airs, waters and localities", "Prognostics", "On diet in acute diseases", the first and third books of "Epidemics", "Aphorisms" (the first four sections), and finally - surgical treatises "On Joints" and "On Fracture", which are the masterpieces of the "Collection". To this list of major works it will be necessary to add several works of an ethical direction: "Oath", "Law", "On the Physician", "On Decent Conduct", "Instructions", which at the end of the XNUMXth and the beginning of the XNUMXth century BC will transform scientific medicine Hippocrates in medical humanism. In the time of Hippocrates, it was believed that diseases were sent by evil spirits or through witchcraft. Therefore, his very approach to the causes of disease was innovative. He believed that diseases are not sent to people by the gods, they arise for various, and quite natural, reasons. The great merit of Hippocrates lies in the fact that he was the first to put medicine on a scientific basis, deducing it from dark empiricism, and cleared it of false philosophical theories, often contradicting reality, dominating the experimental, experimental side of the matter. Looking at medicine and philosophy as two inseparable sciences, Hippocrates tried to combine and separate them, defining each of its own boundaries. In all literary works, the brilliant observation of Hippocrates and the logical conclusions are clearly highlighted. All his conclusions are based on careful observations and strictly verified facts, from the generalization of which, as it were, conclusions flowed by themselves. An accurate prediction of the course and outcome of the disease, based on the study of similar cases and examples, made Hippocrates widely famous during his lifetime. The followers of the teachings of Hippocrates formed the so-called Kos school, which flourished for a very long time and determined the direction of modern medicine. The writings of Hippocrates contain observations on the spread of diseases depending on the external influences of the atmosphere, seasons, wind, water, and their result - the physiological effects of these influences on a healthy human body. In the same works, data on climatology from different countries are also given, in the latter, the meteorological conditions of one locality of the island and the dependence of the disease on these conditions are studied in more detail. In general, Hippocrates divides the causes of diseases into two classes: general harmful influences from climate, soil, heredity and personal - living and working conditions, nutrition (diet), age, etc. The normal effect on the body of these conditions also causes the correct mixing of juices, which for him and there is health. In these writings, first of all, the indefatigable thirst for knowledge strikes. The doctor, first of all, looks closely, and his eye is sharp. He asks questions and takes notes. The vast collection of seven books of "Epidemics" is nothing but a series of notes taken by the doctor at the head of the patient. They describe cases discovered in the process of medical rounds and not yet systematized. This text is often interspersed with some general consideration that does not relate to the facts set forth in a row, as if the doctor wrote down in passing one of the thoughts with which his head is constantly occupied. Here one of these inquisitive thoughts touched upon the question of how to examine the patient, and immediately there arises the final, all-revealing, exact word, showing much more than a simple observation, and drawing to us the scientist’s method of thinking: “Examining the body is a whole thing: it requires knowledge, hearing, smell, touch, language, reasoning." And here is another discussion about examining a patient from the first book of Epidemics: “As for all those circumstances in diseases on the basis of which a diagnosis should be made, we learn all this from the general nature of all people and each person’s own, from illness and from the patient , from all that is prescribed, and from the one who prescribes, because from this the sick either feel better or harder; in addition, from the general and particular state of celestial phenomena and from any country, from habit, from the way of eating, from kind of life, from the age of each patient, from the speech of the patient, morals, silence, thoughts, sleep, lack of sleep, from dreams, what they are and when they appear, from twitches, from itching, from tears, from paroxysms, from eruptions, from urine, from sputum, from vomit.One should also look at changes in diseases from which to which they occur, and at deposits leading to death or destruction, then - sweat, chills, coldness of the body, coughing, sneezing, hiccups, inhalations, eructations, winds silent or noisy, and bleeding, hemorrhoids. Based on all these signs and what happens through them, research should be carried out. It should be noted a wide range of requirements. During the examination, the doctor takes into account not only the patient's condition at the moment, but also the previous illnesses and the consequences that they could leave, he takes into account the patient's lifestyle and the climate of the habitat. He does not forget that, since the sick person is the same person as everyone else, in order to know him, you need to know other people; he explores his thoughts. Even the patient's "silence" serves as an indication for him! An overwhelming task that would entangle any mind lacking breadth. As they would say today, this medicine is distinctly psychosomatic. Let's put it simply: it is the medicine of the whole person (body and soul), and it is connected with his environment and way of life and with his past. The consequences of this broad approach are reflected in the treatment, which in turn will require the patient, under the guidance of the doctor, to participate with his whole body - soul and body - in his recovery. Strictly observing the course of diseases, he attached great importance to various periods of illness, especially feverish, acute ones, setting certain days for a crisis, a turning point in the disease, when the body, according to his teachings, would make an attempt to get rid of undigested juices. In other works - "On the Joints" and "On the Fractures", operations and surgical interventions are described in detail. From the descriptions of Hippocrates it is clear that surgery in ancient times was at a very high level; tools and various methods of dressings were used, which are also used in medicine of our time. In his work "On Diet in Acute Diseases", Hippocrates laid the foundation for rational dietology and pointed out the need to feed the sick, even feverish ones (which was later forgotten), and for this purpose established diets in relation to the forms of diseases - acute, chronic, surgical, etc. . Hippocrates during his lifetime knew the heights of glory. Plato, who was younger than him by one generation, but his contemporary in the broad sense of the word, comparing medicine with other arts in one of his dialogues, draws a parallel between Hippocrates from Kos and the greatest sculptors of his time - Polykleitos from Argos and Phidias from Athens . Hippocrates died about 370 BC in Larissa, in Thessaly, where a monument was erected to him. Author: Samin D.K.
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