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How is the situation in post-war China? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How is the situation in post-war China? In October 1949, the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed in Beijing. The coming to power of the Chinese Communists marked the beginning of a grandiose transformation of Chinese society. The first most significant transformation was the agrarian reform. During it, 47 million hectares of land were redistributed among peasants and the layer of landowners was eliminated. Immediately after the reform, agricultural cooperation began; it ended in 1956. Foreign property was confiscated, as was the property of pro-Kuomintang representatives. So industry and trade were in the hands of the state. There was a transition from a market economy to a planned one. At the same time, industrialization began in the country. The USSR provided great assistance in its implementation. Politically, China has become a unitary state with limited autonomy for the national outskirts. While maintaining a number of political parties, power belonged to the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong. In China, there were no crisis situations typical of Eastern European countries. On the contrary, China increased the pace of development and sought to acquire the status of a superpower. At the initiative of Mao Zedong, in 1958 the CCP approved a new political course - "three banners". Its constituent parts were the "Great Leap Forward", the "People's Commune" and the "General Line". It was proposed to accelerate development at the expense of not large, but small industry. The central planning of the economy was canceled, the initiative was transferred to the localities. To solve this problem, "people's communes" were created. They included an average of 30 thousand people, an egalitarian method of distribution was carried out. It was believed that the concentration of energy of hundreds of millions of Chinese and their unpaid labor would bring China closer to communism. To approach this state, China was even ready for a nuclear missile war. This somewhat cooled China's relations with the USSR. The course of the "three banners" failed. The abolition of material incentives to work led to a drop in production, especially products. Famine broke out in several parts of China. Instead of a breakthrough, the country received an economic crisis. Opposition to the course of Mao Zedong began to form in the country. This forced Mao Zedong to start an open struggle with his opponents. He staked on the youth, whom in 1965 he called for revolutionary violence in order to create a new communist society in a society freed from the remnants of the old. Young supporters of Mao Zedong - the Red Guards - smashed the official institutions of the country - party committees, ministries, universities. All this was called the "great proletarian cultural revolution". It has created unimaginable chaos and mass violence. Subsequently, Mao Zedong tried to restore the controllability of the country, but his course became more and more obsolete. The denouement came after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976. The positions of the so-called pragmatists have strengthened in the party, insisting on abandoning the historical leap ahead and on concentrating efforts on practical work to bring China into the ranks of the advanced countries. Deng Xiaoping became the leader of the "pragmatists". A new phase has begun in the history of China. A powerful industry began to develop in the country. The legislation on foreign investments was liberalized. In agriculture, cooperatives were restored. China has switched to market forms of interaction. The country's economic growth rates are high. All these reforms have changed China. Against the backdrop of the upheavals of the "cultural revolution", relations between China and the USSR deteriorated. China began to present territorial claims to the USSR. In 1969, border conflicts arose. The confrontation with the USSR improved China's relations with Western countries. The streak of recognition of China by these countries has begun. After "perestroika" in the USSR, Russian-Chinese relations normalized. The events on Tiananmen Square in Beijing in 1989 became a turning point in China's development. But democratization did not begin in China; on the contrary, the political regime became tougher. But this did not lead to the curtailment of economic reforms. Author: Irina Tkachenko
How harmful is television to our health? Just do not harm the eyes - supposedly due to the fact that we are sitting too close to the screen. Until the late 1960s, cathode ray tubes, albeit in extremely small doses, still emitted ultraviolet rays, and viewers were strongly advised not to sit closer than two meters from the kinescope. Children were most at risk. Children's eyes are so well adapted to changes in distances that kids, unlike most adults, can sit quietly and watch programs, almost with their noses on the screen. Nearly forty years ago, the Radiation Health and Safety Control Act required all kinescope manufacturers to use lead glass, making television sets completely safe. The real harm to health from television lies in the sedentary lifestyle it encourages. Thus, over the past twenty years, the rate of obesity among children in the United Kingdom has tripled - and this is directly related to television. The average English child between the ages of three and nine spends fourteen hours a week in front of a TV screen - with just over an hour playing sports or playing outdoors. Research published in 2004 in the journal Pediatrics suggests that children who spend two to three hours a day watching television have a 30% higher risk of developing attention deficit disorder (ADD). In 2005, Nielsen, a media research firm, concluded that the average American home has a TV set on eight hours a day. This figure is 12,5% higher than ten years ago, and the highest since the company first began counting the number of viewers of certain television programs in the 1950s. The American Academy of Pediatrics estimates that by the time Americans today turn seventy, they will have spent eight years of their lives in front of television screens.
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