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BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Why is India called the "pearl" of the British Empire? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? Why is India called the "pearl" of the British Empire? By the beginning of the nineteenth century. almost the entire territory of the country was in the hands of the British East India Company and its subordinate vassal principalities. In turn, it consisted of two parts: the so-called British India, which was under the control of officials of the East India Company, headed by a governor-general, and the second part, which consisted of more than 550 Hindu and Muslim principalities. Formally, they were ruled by local princes, but all their domestic and foreign policy was controlled by the British. In various ways, England pumped huge amounts of money out of India. There was a system of taxes that ruined the local population. In addition to taxes, there were government monopolies on salt and opium. Opium was exported to China and brought huge profits to the British. In 1833, the activities of the East India Company was terminated. The industrial bourgeoisie, which had become more influential after the parliamentary reform of 1832, wanted to use India itself as a market for raw materials and for the sale of manufactured goods. The East India Company was left to manage the colony and the army. Technological progress has not bypassed India. Railways were built in the country, foreign trade developed, cities grew, irrigation canals were laid. But the English factory industry undermined the economy of traditional Indian society. Many artisans lost their livelihood. Indian cities were not industrial, they were only trading centers, They could not absorb the released labor force. Masses of unemployed people began to leave for the countryside, but it was not easy to find work here either. Famine and epidemics claimed millions of lives. In the country, an increasing number of people expressed dissatisfaction with the rule of the British. General discontent soon turned into an uprising that began in 1857. Having suppressed the uprising, Great Britain carried out some reforms in the country. In 1858 the East India Company was liquidated. India came under the rule of the crown. The Governor-General of India became known as the Viceroy. In 1877, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India. But it was not possible to liquidate national liberation sentiments in India. The leading organization of the national liberation movement was the Indian National Congress (INC). This organization was formed in 1885. The INC became a symbol of the unity of India in its movement towards independence. The National Congress was dominated by a moderate liberal bourgeois-nationalist wing, which determined the program of the organization and its requirements: protection of the national industry, tax cuts, creation of a bank credit system, expansion of self-government and elected representation, cooperation with the colonial authorities. However, there were also more radical movements in Congress, whose representatives accused the British of economic robbery of the country and bringing the people to complete impoverishment. Realizing the impossibility of an armed struggle against the colonialists, representatives of the "extreme" trend called for a mass boycott of British goods. At the end of the nineteenth century. the national liberation movement was on the rise. Many factors contributed to this: first of all, the strengthening of the positions of the national bourgeoisie, the patriotic intelligentsia, who had awakened to the active struggle of the workers. Peasants' protests against feudal exploitation became commonplace. At the beginning of the twentieth century. in the national liberation movement, M. K. Gandhi became a prominent personality, introducing a new organizational form into the struggle - "non-violent resistance". The basis of Gandhi's teachings was the theory of non-violence by L. N. Tolstoy, the ideas of peaceful mass action, peaceful processions and other non-violent performances. Gandhi was an opponent of violence and armed struggle, realizing that India, with its vulnerable and explosive division into castes, linguistic and national groups, various confessions, should avoid extremes. The theory of non-violent resistance, or civil disobedience, and the experience of its application in India subsequently gained wide popularity in the international arena. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Why does the body need water? Approximately 60 percent of the human body is water! If you squeeze a person like a lemon, you can get about 50 liters of water. This water, which differs from ordinary water in the presence of various substances, is necessary for the life of the body. Approximately a gallon (about 4,5 liters) of this water is contained in the blood vessels, and a constant blood circulation is maintained by the work of the heart. The water present in the blood washes all the cells of the body with a direct current. Water also serves as a conductor of heat throughout the body. Even if you do not drink water during the day, you will still get about a liter of liquid from the solid food you eat. Therefore, when you eat fruits, vegetables, bread and meat, you get water, since 30-90 percent of these foods are water. In addition, each person on average drinks about two liters of water in the form of various drinks. During the day, approximately ten quarts (1 quart - about 1 liter) of water circulates between the various organs in the body. For example, when you chew and swallow something, you also swallow some of the saliva coming from the salivary glands. After a short time, this water is replaced in the glands by water from the blood vessels. And the swallowed water subsequently enters the blood from the stomach and intestines. The amount of water in the blood always remains constant. Even when you feel completely "dry" after exercising in hot weather, your blood vessels still contain the same amount of water. And no matter how much liquid you drink, this amount remains the same. What happens to excess water? It accumulates in different parts of the body: in the intestines, liver, muscles and kidneys.
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