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What was the impetus for the start of the French Revolution? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What was the impetus for the start of the French Revolution? The initial impetus to the revolutionary events was given by the Seven Years' War, which demonstrated the weakening of the power of royal France. The country had to look for ways to more effectively manage, solve economic and financial problems. Attempts to at least partially solve these problems were made by the Minister of Finance of Louis XVIII, Jean Turgot, but he could not significantly change the feudal system that prevailed in the country. Meanwhile, the situation continued to worsen. In the second half of the 80s. XVIII century the country was experiencing a commercial and industrial crisis caused by the influx of cheap British goods. For several years in a row there was a crop failure in the country. To avoid bankruptcy, the king decided to tax the privileged classes. But in order to give the proposed measures legitimacy, Louis XVI had to convene the Estates General, which had not met since 1614. On May 5, 1789, the King opened the Estates General at the Palace of Versailles. He ordered new taxes to be approved. But representatives of the third estate did not want to play the role of extras, to approve the proposals of the king. On June 17, the deputies of the third estate declared themselves representatives of the whole nation - the National Assembly, the decisions of which even the king himself cannot change. Representatives of the first and second estates joined these deputies. They were also ready to do away with absolutism. The indignant king ordered to close the meeting room. But the deputies of the third estate decided not to stop fighting until the Constitution for France was created. After some confusion, the king launched a counteroffensive. The royal troops began to gather in Paris. A rumor began to spread around the city that government troops would be concentrated in the fortress-prison - the Bastille. All estates hated this symbol of royal arbitrariness. On July 14, armed citizens besieged the Bastille and took it. After that, the political initiative passed into the hands of the National Assembly. On August 26, 1879, the deputies of the assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, in which the general principles for building a new society were proclaimed. A new round of political struggle began, the center of which was the National Assembly. At first, moderate monarchist-constitutionalists dominated there. Their leaders were Marquis J. Lafayette and Count O. de Mirabeau. A small group of left deputies was headed by M. Robespierre, the future leader of the Jacobins. By September 1791, the preparation of the first Constitution of France was completed. Executive power remained with the king and the ministers appointed by him. The highest legislative power was concentrated in the unicameral Legislative Assembly. The judicial system was based on the election of judges and the participation of jurors in the proceedings. All this did not suit the king, plans for a coup were hatched in his circles. But, being in revolutionary Paris, there was little the king could do. Then he made an unsuccessful attempt to escape from Paris. This event accelerated the split of the revolutionary forces and strengthened the position of the opponents of the monarchy. In the Legislative Assembly, this opposition group represented the department of the Gironde in the predominant majority, so its members were dubbed the Girondins. In the spring of 1792, the threat of foreign occupation loomed over France. The war began with Austria and Prussia. The Legislative Assembly adopted a decree proclaiming "The Fatherland is in danger!". Volunteers began to form battalions of the revolutionary army. Its radical elements demanded the king's arrest, accusing him of links with the anti-French coalition. They sought to establish a republican system in France. The implementation of these plans was facilitated by the uprising that broke out on August 10, 1792 in Paris. The king and his entourage were arrested. Power in the capital passed into the hands of the Commune. Meanwhile, the situation on the fronts continued to deteriorate. But on September 20, the revolutionary army at the battle of Valmy managed to defeat the interventionists and go on the offensive. On September 21, 1792, the National Convention opened in Paris, and the next day France was proclaimed a republic. Author: Irina Tkachenko
When was the first sculpture created? Sculpture is probably the oldest art. People carved stone even before they started painting or even building houses. Only a small number of objects have survived, illustrating what sculpture was like thousands of years ago. But people living today at a primitive stage of development often carve objects from stone that can give an idea of \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbprehistoric sculpture. Prehistoric sculpture was not supposed to be beautiful. It has always been intended to be used in rituals. The figures of men, women and animals were made in honor of the forces of nature, which were worshiped as evil or good spirits. Early civilizations also used sculpture to express their beliefs. The ancient Egyptians believed in life after death, and they carved life-size or larger statues of their rulers, nobility and gods out of stone. Statues were placed in graves, and the Egyptians believed that the spirit of the deceased person would return to it. One of the greatest periods in the history of sculpture came with the advent of the Greek civilization - around 600 BC. e. For the Greeks, sculpture became one of the most important forms of expression. The Greeks made the image of the human figure the main object of their art. Greek sculpture was always looking for the best ways to depict the human figure. During the first millennium of Christianity, very few sculptures were created. But over the next three centuries, some of the most impressive Christian churches were built, and a large number of sculptures were created to decorate these churches. Later, during the Renaissance, the human figure was exalted again, and the great sculptors created masterpieces that constitute the treasury of world culture.
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