What are the specific features of England in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries? Detailed answer

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What are the specific features of England in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries? Detailed answer

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What are the specific features of England in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries?

On the territory of Britain, conquered by the Anglo-Saxons in the period from the second half of the XNUMXth to the beginning of the XNUMXth century, several barbarian Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were formed: Kent - in the extreme southeast, founded by the Jutes; Wessex, Sussex - in the southern and southeastern parts of the island, Northumbria - in the north and Mercia - in the center of the country, founded by the Angles.

The main population of the island, the Britons, offered stubborn resistance to the conquerors. But the tribes of the Britons were driven back by the conquerors to the northern and western highlands (to Scotland, Wales and Cornwall). Many Britons died in battles with the Germanic tribes, others mixed with the newcomers. Many Britons moved to the mainland - to Northwestern Gaul (France). From the Britons came the name of the province of France - Brittany.

The entire conquered part of Britain was subsequently called England, and its inhabitants - Anglo-Saxons.

The formation of the feudal system in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had some peculiarities. The most important of them are the relative stability of communal orders, the relatively slow process of the disappearance of the free peasantry and the formation of large feudal landownership. These features were due to the relatively weak Romanization of Britain and the destructive nature of the Anglo-Saxon conquest. The Angles and Saxons were at the stage of development of the destruction of tribal ties, therefore the development of feudal relations among them proceeded through the internal evolution of the decaying primitive communal system.

The predominant occupation of the Anglo-Saxons in Britain was agriculture. The basis of the Anglo-Saxon society was made up of free communal peasants - curls, who owned significant plots of arable land. The preservation of a stable community strengthened the forces of free peasants and slowed down the entire process of feudalization.

The beginning of this process among the Anglo-Saxons dates back to the XNUMXth century. By this time, wealth disparities among the Curls had become noticeable, and the community had begun to disintegrate. From the XNUMXth century the practice of royal land grants, which are issued by special letters, is also spreading. The granted land was called bokland (from the Anglo-Sanskonic words boc - "letter" and land - "land"). With the advent of the bockland in England, the development of large feudal landownership began. The ruined community members fell into dependence on large landowners.

The stability of the community and the free peasantry in England determined the especially great role of the royal power in the process of feudalization. The Church also contributed to this process in every possible way. The Christian religion, the introduction to which the Anglo-Saxons began in the XNUMXth century, met the interests of the ruling stratum of the Anglo-Saxon society, as it strengthened the royal power and the landowning nobility grouped around it. The kings actively supported the clergy, granted land to churches. The Church, in turn, encouraged the development of private ownership of land and in every possible way justified the growing dependence of the peasants.

In the VII-VIII centuries. England was not politically united, each region was ruled by an independent king. There was a constant struggle between the individual Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. From the beginning of the ninth century political dominance passed to Wessex. Under King Egbert of Wessex in 829, all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms united into one early feudal state.

This unification was due not only to internal, but also to foreign policy reasons. From the end of the XNUMXth century the devastating raids of the Normans, mainly Danes, began on England.

An important stage in the development of the Anglo-Saxon feudal state was the reign of King Alfred, who managed to provide worthy resistance to the Danes. Under Alfred, a collection of laws "The Truth of King Alfred" was compiled, which reflected the new feudal orders that had been established in the country.

Danish raids resumed at the end of the XNUMXth century. The power of the Danish kings was re-established in England. The Danish King Canute especially tried to strengthen his power over England. The unpopularity of Danish rule over England was especially evident under the sons of Cnut. Danish rule soon fell, and the English throne again passed to the king from the Wessex dynasty.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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