What is unique about France in IX-XI? Detailed answer

BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Free library / Directory / Big encyclopedia for children and adults

What is unique about France in IX-XI? Detailed answer

Big encyclopedia for children and adults

Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education

Did you know?

What is unique about France in IX-XI?

After the collapse of the Carolingian Empire in 843, the eastern border of France, separating it from Germany and Italy, passed mainly along large rivers: along the lower reaches of the Meuse, along the Moselle and Rhone. Neustria and the northwestern part of the former Burgundy - the Duchy of Burgundy - remained under the rule of the last Carolingians in France.

Fierce wars were fought between the German and French Carolingians. Many disasters were brought by the raids of the northern tribes - the Normans.

Within the country there was a struggle for political dominance between the influential Parisian counts (the Robertins) and the last Carolingians. In 987, the Robertins won, electing Hugo Capet as their king, from whom the Capetian dynasty began in France.

In the x century. In the Kingdom of France, the socio-economic processes that led to the establishment of feudal relations were completed, and the long process of merging heterogeneous ethnic elements ended. On the basis of the Gallo-Roman people who mixed with the Germans, new feudal peoples emerged - northern French and Provencal. These nationalities formed the core of the future French nation.

In the x century. the country acquired its modern name. It began to be called not Gaul or the Frankish kingdom, but France (after the name of the region around Paris - Ile-de-France).

On the territory occupied by the northern French people, several large feudal estates were formed. Almost the entire coast of the English Channel was occupied by the Duchy of Normandy. The Normans who founded it quickly adopted the language of the northern French people and the French feudal order. The Normans managed to expand their possessions along the English Channel coast to Brittany in the west and almost to the Somme in the east, also subjugating the County of Maine.

The counties of Blois, Touraine and Anjou were located along the middle and lower reaches of the Laura, and Poitou was located somewhat to the south. The Capetian lands (royal court) centered around Paris and Orleans. To the east of them lay the County of Champagne, to the southeast - the Duchy of Burgundy.

In the extreme northwest was Brittany with a Celtic population, in the extreme northeast - the county of Flanders. On the territory of the Provencal people was the Duchy of Aquitaine, adjacent to the Duchy of Gascony.

The Kingdom of France also included the County of Barcelona and a number of other counties and lands.

The French kingdom was hierarchical, with a king at its head. But large feudal lords - dukes and counts, although they were considered vassals of the king, were almost independent. The first kings from the Capetian house were not much different from large feudal lords. They accumulated land holdings slowly, deriving income mainly from their own estates.

Feudal relations developed in the French kingdom. The land was in the hands of the owners - the lords, the peasants carried various duties in favor of the lords, were dependent on the owners of the land. Dependent peasants (serfs) were obliged to work for the lord: to work out the field corvée, to pay natural and cash dues. Seniors were also paid other duties and taxes.

Part of the peasants retained personal freedom (villans), but at the same time was in land, and sometimes in judicial dependence on the feudal lord.

Duties in favor of the lord were constantly growing. The peasants paid an additional fee to the landowner for the use of forests, waters, and meadows. Seniors were paid market, bridge, ferry, road and other duties.

The requisitions of the feudal lords and the constant feudal wars that ruined the economy made the life of the peasants extremely difficult.

The peasants resisted feudal exploitation in every possible way. Revolts broke out in various regions of the kingdom. This forced the feudal lords to look for ways to overcome social differences. Seniors went to reduce feudal rent. They provided the peasants with more time and opportunities to work on their personal farms, and strengthened their rights to the inheritance plot. These measures contributed to the expansion and consolidation of the rights of the peasants and thereby created the conditions for the more rapid development of the productive forces in feudal society.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How can an effective strike be organized without interrupting the production process?

At the beginning of the 20th century, a new type of strike appeared in the Italian strike. It consists in the extremely strict performance by the employees of the enterprise of their duties and rules. Since these instructions are bureaucratic in nature and do not take into account all the nuances of production activities, this form of protest leads to a significant decline in productivity. At the same time, it is practically impossible to hold the initiators accountable, because formally they act in strict accordance with the labor code.

Test your knowledge! Did you know...

▪ How was the atom considered before Rutherford?

▪ Is it possible to prove paternity by blood type?

▪ Who in Russia has the official right to be called a leader?

See other articles Section Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Machine for thinning flowers in gardens 02.05.2024

In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

Advanced Infrared Microscope 02.05.2024

Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>

Air trap for insects 01.05.2024

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Bioelectronic mini-laboratory 23.02.2014

The new portable laboratory was the brainchild of scientists from the Institute of Micro and Information Technologies in the German city of Freiburg. It delivers results faster than a traditional lab at a lower cost.

Physicist Daniel Mark explained how it works: "The doctor takes a sample from the patient and loads it into the device. After two hours, the doctor is informed which pathogens are found in the sample and can prescribe treatment."

The principle of operation of the device is simple - DNA is extracted from a patient's blood sample and analyzed inside a mini-laboratory. If the genetic profile matches a known pathogen, a signal appears on the screen.

The inventors say the mini-lab could be useful in the event of an outbreak of infectious diseases or pandemics, such as scanning passengers at airports. They claim that a mini-lab can be useful for testing food for safety.

"In the future, the problem of food safety will require more and more complex testing. We will need to test many different parameters at the same time. With this new mini-lab, we will be able to standardize this process," said scientist Wolfgang Hauser.

But the mini-lab's potential can best be seen in hospitals, where doctors are often required to make quick decisions in the absence of all the necessary information. The data provided by the mini-lab can help speed up decision making and save lives.

Other interesting news:

▪ Brain wave control

▪ Electrical stimulation of the brain allows you to make fewer mistakes

▪ Tires for planet rovers

▪ Food emulsifiers harm the intestines

▪ Silicon Carbide MOSFET CoolSiC Series

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Microcontrollers. Article selection

▪ article Children's disease of leftism. Popular expression

▪ article Which goalkeeper has scored more goals in his career than many outfield players? Detailed answer

▪ article Sanding block. home workshop

▪ article Schematic diagram of the AVC-105 calling audio panel. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Stereo transmitter. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews